8. References

BTO. (n.d.). Summary of ringing totals: BTO - British Trust for Ornithology. Available at: https://app.bto.org/ring/countyrec/resultsall/rec6360all.htm Accessed on: 19 April 2024.

Burthe, S.J., Wanless, S., Newell, M.A., Butler, A. and Daunt, F. (2014) Assessing the vulnerability of the marine bird community in the western North Sea to climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 507, 277-295.

Capuzzo, E., Lynam, C.P., Barry, J., Stephens, D., Forster, R.M., Greenwood, N., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Silva, T., Van Leeuwen, S.M. and Engelhard, G.H. (2018) A decline in primary production in the North Sea over 25 years, associated with reductions in zooplankton abundance and fish stock recruitment. Global Change Biology, 24, E352-E364.

Defra (2012) Habitats and Wild Birds Directives: guidance on the application of article 6(4) Alternative solutions, imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI) and compensatory measures.

Defra (2021a) Habitats regulations assessments: protecting a European site.

Defra (2021b). Draft best practice guidance for developing compensatory measures in relation to Marine Protected Areas

Defra (2024c) Consultation on policies to inform updated guidance for Marine Protected Area (MPA) assessments

DTA (2021) The Habitats Regulations Assessment Handbook.

European Commission (2001) Assessment of Plans and Projects Significantly Affecting Natura 2000 Sites: Methodological Guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC. November 2001.

European Commission (2018): Managing Natura 2000 sites: The provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC.

European Commission (2020): EU Guidance on wind energy development in accordance with EU nature directives.

Frederiksen, M., Anker-Nilssen, T., Beaugrand, G. and Wanless, S. (2013) Climate, copepods and seabirds in the Boreal Northeast Atlantic – Current state and future outlook. Global Change Biology, 19, 364-372

Furness, R.W. (2016) Impacts and effects of ocean warming on seabirds. In: Laffoley, D. and Baxter, J.M. (Editors). Explaining Ocean Warming: Causes, Scale, Effects And Consequences. Full Report. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Pp. 271-288.

IPCC (2021) Sixth Assessment Report: Working Group 1: The Physical Science Basis

JNCC (2021) Seabird Population Trends And Causes Of Change: 1986-2019 Report. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/news/smp-statistics-2019/

Lane, J. V., Pollock, C. J., Jeavons, R., Sheddan, M., Furness, R. W. and Hamer, K. C. (2021). Post-fledging movements, mortality and migration of juvenile northern gannets. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 671, 207-21

Macdonald, A., Heath, M.R., Edwards, M., Furness, R.W., Pinnegar, J.K., Wanless, S., Speirs, D.C. and Greenstreet, S.P.R. (2015) Climate driven trophic cascades affecting seabirds around the British Isles. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 53, 55-80

MCA (2021). Marine Guidance Note 654 (Merchant and Fishing) safety of Navigation: offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREIs) – Guidance on UK Navigational Practice, Safety and Emergency Response. Southampton: MCA.

Natural England Standard (2014). Conservation Objectives for European Sites in England Strategic Standard. Available at: https://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6734992977690624. Accessed on: 19 April 2024.

NatureScot (2021) Scottish Biodiversity Indicator – The Numbers and Breeding Success of Seabirds (1986 to 2019).

Ossian OWFL (2024a). Ossian Array Environmental Impact Assessment Report:

Ossian OWFL (2024b). Ossian Array: Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment.  

Ossian OWFL (2024c). Planning and Need Statement

Rijkswaterstaat Zee & Delta (2020) Assessment of relative impact of anthropogenic pressures on marine species.

UN Environment Programme (2023) Emissions Gap Report

 

[1] Spurrier, R (on the application of) v The Secretary of State for Transport [2019] EWHC 1070 (Admin)

[2] Humber Sea Terminal Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport and another [2005] EWHC 1289 (Admin), comments at paragraph 84

[3] https://www.nationalgrideso.com/data-portal/transmission-entry-capacity-tec-register/tec_register, accessed 23 May 2024

[4] Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy, p31

[5] ESO leads the way with major initiative to accelerate connections to the electricity transmission grid | ESO (nationalgrideso.com) (27 February 2023)

[6] Celtic Sea Floating Offshore Wind Programme (arcgis.com)

[7]  Offshore Wind Leasing Round 4 - Tender process outcome (thecrownestate.co.uk).

[8] Experience onshore shows only 55% of onshore windfarms have been repowered in Scotland and similar proportion across the UK (Renewable UK 2019).

[9] Published https://www.nationalgrideso.com/news/eso-leads-way-major-initiative-accelerate-connections-electricity-transmission-grid, 27th Feb 2023,

[10] https://www.nationalgrideso.com/data-portal/transmission-entry-capacity-tec-register/tec_register, accessed 23 May 2024

[11] Judgement of 29.7.2019 – Case C-411/17 Inter-Environnement Wallonie and Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen.

[12] C-411/17 Inter-Environment Wallonie and Bond Beter Leefmillieu Vlaanderen at paragraphs 157 and 159.

[13] Judgment of 29.7.2019 – Case C-411/17 Inter-Environnement Wallonie and Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen.