Appendix 13 References

Appendix 13
References

Aberdeenshire Council (2017) Local Development Plan Supplementary Guidance: Aberdeenshire Special Landscape Areas. Available at: https://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/media/20071/9-special-landscape-areas-part-1.pdf. Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

ABPMer (2005). Assessment of potential impact of Round 2 offshore wind farm developments on sediment transport. DTI, London.

ABPMer. (2019). Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy. Strategic Habitat Regulations Appraisal (HRA): Screening and Appropriate Assessment Information Report – Final. Appendix I: Fish Literature Review. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/draft-sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy-habitat-regulations-appraisal/pages/25/. Accessed on: 17 January 2023.

Aires, C., González-Irusta, J., M. and Watret, R. (2014). Updating Fisheries Sensitivity Maps in British Waters. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Report, 5(10).

Akita Offshore Wind Corporation (2022). News: Start of Commercial Operation. Available at: https://aow.co.jp/en/eventa/item.cgi?pro&72. Accessed on: 16 January 2023.

Alerstam, T., Rosén, M., Bäckman, J., Ericson, P.G.P. and Hellgren, O. (2007). Flight Speeds among Bird Species: Allometric and Phylogenetic Effects. PLOS Biology 5, e197. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050197. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Anatec Ltd (2021). A4653 SSE ScotWind Site Feasibility. Technical Report.

Andersson, M., Sigray, P. and Persson, L. (2011). Operational Wind Farm Noise and Shipping Noise Compared with Estimated Zones of Audibility for Four Species of Fish. Journal of The Acoustical Society of America. Vol.129. 10.

Arcus (2012). Section 9: Wind Farm Physical Processes and Geomorphology. Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement.

Arso Civil, M, Quick, N, Mews, S, Hague, E, Cheney, B., J, Thompson, P., M. and Hammond, P., S. (2021). Improving understanding of bottlenose dolphin movements along the east coast of Scotland. Final Report. Report number SMRUC-VAT-2020-10 provided to the European Offshore Wind Development Centre (EOWDC), March 2021 (unpublished).

Atkins (2016). Kincardine Offshore Windfarm Environmental Statement. March 2016.

Bailey, H., Senior, B., Simmons, D., Rusin, J., Picken, G. and Thompson, P. (2010). Assessing Underwater Noise Levels during Pile-Driving at an Offshore Windfarm and Its Potential Effects on Marine Mammals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60 (6): 888–97.

Barreto, E, and Bailey, N. (2013). Fish and shellfish stocks 2013 edition. Marine Scotland Science, The Scottish Government, Edinburgh (UK).

Barreto, E, and Bailey, N. (2016). Fish and shellfish stocks 2016 Edition; Scottish Fish Stocks section. Marine Scotland Science, The Scottish Government, Edinburgh (UK).

Baxter, J.M., Boyd, I.L., Cox, M., Donald, A.E., Malcolm, S.J., Miles, H., Miller, B. and Moffat, C.F. (Editors) (2011). Scotland's Marine Atlas: Information for the National Marine Plan. Marine Scotland, Edinburgh. pp. 191.

BEIS (2016). UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment 3 (OESEA3): Appendix 1i: Cultural Heritage. Department of Energy and Climate Change, London.

BIES (Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy) (2022a). Policy Statement - Marine environment: unexploded ordnance clearance joint interim position statement.

BEIS (2022b). UK Greenhous Gas Emissions: 2022 Provisional Figures. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/announcements/uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2022-provisional-figures. Accessed on: 21 December 2022.

BEIS (2022c). UK Greenhous Gas Emissions: 2021 Final Figures. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/announcements/uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021-final-figures. Accessed on: 21 December 2022.

BEIS (2022d). 2020 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final Figures. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1051408/2020-final-greenhouse-gas-emissions-statistical-release.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

BEIS (2022e). Policy Paper: Contracts for Difference. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference/contract-for-difference. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

BEIS (2022f). UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment 4 (OESEA4): Appendix 1i: Cultural Heritage. Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, London.

Berx, B. and Hughes, S. (2009). Climatology of Surface and Near-bed Temperature and Salinity on the North-West European Continental Shelf for 1971–2000. Elsevier.

Blyth-Skyrme, R.E. (2010). Options and opportunities for marine fisheries mitigation associated with wind farms. Final report for Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment contract FISHMITIG09. COWRIE Ltd, London.

Bochert, R. and Zettler, M. L. (2006). Effect of electromagnetic fields on marine organisms. In Offshore Wind Energy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 223-234.

BODC (2022). UK tide gauge network. Available at: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/hosted_data_systems/sea_level/uk_tide_gauge_network/. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

Bogdanova, M.I., Regan, C., Gunn, C., Newell, M., Benninghaus, E., Langlois Lopez, S., Quintin, M., Searle, K., Daunt, F., Wishnewski, S., Cleasby, I., Witcutt, E., Kinching-Smith, D., Holmes, E., Fox, D., McCluskie, A., Whyte, K., Butler, A. and Jones, E.L. (2022). Seabird GPS tracking on the Isle of May, Fowlsheugh and St Abb’s Head in 2021 in relation to offshore wind farms in the Forth/Tay region. Report to Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Limited and SSE Renewables.

Boisseau, O., McGarry, T., Stephenson, S., Compton, R., Cucknell, A. C., Ryan, C., McLanaghan, R. and Moscrop, A. (2021). Minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata avoid a 15 kHz acoustic deterrent device (ADD). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 667, 191-206.

Boles, L. C. and Lohmann, K. J. (2003). True navigation and magnetic maps in spiny lobsters. Nature, 421(6918), 60-63.

Bone, B., D., Long, D. and Stoker, M., S. (1991). The influence of stratigraphy on the variation in geotechnical properties of the offshore Quaternary succession, Scotland. Quaternary Engineering Geology, Geological Society Engineering Geology Special Publication. 7,119-126.

Boyle, G. and New, P. (2018). Impacts on fish from piling at offshore wind sites: collating population information, gap analysis and appraisal of mitigation options. Final Report to Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP).

Brasseur, S., G. Aarts, E. Meesters, T. van Polanen Petel, E. Dijkman, J. Cremer, and P. Reijnders. (2012). Habitat preference of harbour seals in the Dutch coastal area: analysis and estimate of effects of offshore wind farms. Report C043-10.

British Standards Institute (BSI) (2015). Environmental Impact Assessment for Offshore Renewable Energy Projects – Guide.

Brooks, A.J., Bradley, S.L., Edwards, R.J. and Goodwyn, N. (2011). The palaeogeography of Northwest Europe during the last 20,000 years. Journal of Maps, 573-587.

Brown and May Marine Ltd (2021). ScotWind Constraints Mapping: Commercial Fisheries. Technical Report. Document reference: 201900174-CF.

CAA (2016). CAP 764 Policy and Guidance on Wind Turbines.

CAA (2019). CAP 670 Air Traffic Services Safety Requirements.

CAA (2021). CAP 437 Standards for Offshore Helicopter Landing Areas.

CAA (2022a). UK En Route Low Altitude British Isles (UK (L) 2) Chart.

CAA (2022b). UK En Route Low Altitude North Sea West Off-Shore Installations (UK (L) 5 OIL.

CAA (2016 amended 2022c). CAP 393 The Air Navigation Order.

CAA (2022d). CAP 168 Licensing of Aerodromes.

Canmore (2022). National Record of the Historic Environment: Site Search. Available at: https://canmore.org.uk/site/search Accessed on: November 2022

Carter, M.I., Boehme, L., Duck, C.D., Grecian, J., Hastie, G.D., McConnell, B.J., Miller, D.L., Morris, C., Moss, S., Thompson, D. and Thompson, P. (2020). Habitat-based predictions of at-sea distribution for grey and harbour seals in the British Isles. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, Report to BEIS, OESEA-16-76, OESEA-17-78.

Carter, M.I., Boehme, L., Cronin, M.A., Duck, C.D., Grecian, W.J., Hastie, G.D., Jessopp, M., Matthiopoulos, J., McConnell, B.J., Miller, D.L. and Morris, C.D. (2022). Sympatric seals, satellite tracking and protected areas: habitat-based distribution estimates for conservation and management. Frontiers in Marine Science.

Cefas (2005). Assessment of the Significance of changes to the inshore Wave regime from an offshore wind array. CEFAS Report AE1227.

Cefas (2010). Strategic review of offshore wind farm monitoring data associated with FEPA licence conditions – annex 4: underwater noise., Cefas report ME1117.

Cefas (2012). Guidelines for Data Acquisition to Support Marine Environmental Assessments of Offshore Renewable Energy Projects. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CEFAS_2012_Eenvironmental_Assessment_Guidance.pdf. Accessed on: 30 October 2022.

Cefas (2016). Suspended sediment climatologies around the UK. Report for the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment Programme. Available at: https://data.cefas.co.uk/view/18133. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

Cefas. (2022). Cefas Data Portal. Available at: https://data.cefas.co.uk/. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014). Code of Conduct. Available at: https://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/CodesofConduct.pdf. Accessed on: 30 November 2022.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2020). Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment. Available at: https://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/CIfAS%26GDBA_4.pdf. Accessed on: 30 November 2022.

Christensen, A., Butenschön, M., Gürkan, Z. and Allen, I. J. (2013). Towards an integrated forecasting system for fisheries on habitat-bound stocks. Ocean Science, 9(2), 261-279.

CIEEM. (2019). Guidelines for ecological impact assessment in the UK and Ireland: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Coastal and Marine. September 2018 Version 1.1 - updated September 2019. Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, Winchester.

CIEEM (2022). Guidelines for ecological impact assessment in the UK and Ireland: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Coastal and Marine. September 2018 Version 1.1 - updated September 2019. Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, Winchester.

Cleasby, I.R., Owen, E., Wilson, L.J. and Bolton, M. (2018). Combining habitat modelling and hotspot analysis to reveal the location of high-density seabird areas across the UK. RSPB Research Report No. 63. RSPB Centre for Conservation Science.

Cleasby, I.R., Owen, E., Wilson, L., Wakefield, E.D., O’Connell, P. and Bolton, M. (2020). Identifying important at-sea areas for seabirds using species distribution models and hotspot mapping. Biological Conservation 241, 108375. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108375. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

ClientEarth (2022). We’ve won our case against the UK Government’s inadequate net zero strategy. Available at: https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/news/clientearth-are-suing-the-uk-government-over-its-net-zero-strategy/. Accessed on: 31 January 2023.

Cooper, K.M. and Barry, J. (2017) A big data approach to macrofaunal baseline assessment, monitoring and sustainable exploitation of the seabed. Scientific Reports, 7, 12431. 

Copping, A. (2018). The State of Knowledge for Environmental Effects Driving Consenting/Permitting for the Marine Renewable Energy Industry. Prepared for Ocean Energy Systems On behalf of the Annex IV Member Nations, January 2018.

Copping, A., E, Freeman, M., C. and Overhus, D., M. (2020). Risk retirement for environmental effects of marine renewable energy. US Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

Corrigendum (2014). Journal of Applied Ecology 51, 1126–1130. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12260. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Coull, K., A., Johnstone, R. and Rogers, S., I. (1998). Fisheries sensitivity maps in British waters. UKOOA Ltd.

Crown Estate, Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) and Royal HaskoningDHV (2018). Industry Evidence Programme: Offshore Wind Farms – Pilot Industry Evidence Base. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rufus_Howard/publication/325902224_Industry_Evidence_Programme_Offshore_Wind_Farms -Pilot_Industry_Evidence_Base/links/5b2b9793aca272821e461b11/Industry -Evidence-Programme-Offshore-Wind-Farms-Pilot -Industry-Evidence-Base.pdf. Accessed on: 30 October 2022.

Crown Estate Scotland (2022a). Three ScotWind Clearing project agreements confirmed. Available at: https://www.crownestatescotland.com/news/three-scotwind-clearing-project-agreements-confirmed. Accessed on: 27 January 2023.

Crown Estate Scotland (2022b). Three ScotWind Clearing project agreements confirmed. Available at: https://www.crownestatescotland.com/news/three-scotwind-clearing-project-agreements-confirmed. Accessed on: 27 January 2023.

Crown Estate Scotland (2022c). ScotWind offshore wind leasing delivers major boost to Scotland's net zero aspirations. Available at: https://www.crownestatescotland.com/news/scotwind-offshore-wind-leasing-delivers-major-boost-to-scotlands-net-zero-aspirations. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

Czech-Damal, N.U., Liebschner, A., Miersch, L., Klauer, G., Hanke, F.D., Marshall, C., Dehnhardt, G. and Hanke, W. (2012). Electroreception in the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1729). 

Czech-Damal, N.U., Dehnhardt, G., Manger, P. and Hanke, W. (2013). Passive electroreception in aquatic mammals. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 199(6).

Daan, N., Heessen, H. J. L. and ter Hofstede, R. (2005). North Sea Elasmobranchs: distribution, abundance and biodiversity. ICES.

Davies, J., Baxter, J., Bradley, M., Connor, D., Khan, J., Murray, E., Sanderson, W., Turnbull, C. and Vincent, M. (2001). Marine Monitoring Handbook, UK Marine SACs Project, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 398pp.

Dehnhardt, G., Mauck, B., Hanke, W. and Bleckmann, H. (2001). Hydrodynamic trail-following in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Science, 293(5527), 102-104.

DMP Stats and HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd. (2022). Berwick Bank Wind Farm Offshore Environmental Impact Assessment. Appendix 11.6: Ornithology Population Viability Analysis Technical Report. Available at: be40331.pdf (marine.gov.scot). Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Dorrell, R, Lloyd, C, Lincoln, B, Rippeth, T, Taylor, J, Caulfield, C., C, Sharples, J, Polton, J, Scannell, B, Greaves, D, Hall, R and Simpson, J. (2022). Anthropogenic Mixing of Seasonally Stratified Shelf Seas by Offshore Wind Farm Infrastructure. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, Article Number: 830927.

Dynamic Coast. (2021). Dynamic Coast - Coastal Erosion in Scotland. Available at: https://www.crew.ac.uk/dynamic-coast. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

Dynamic Coast. (2022a). Dynamic Coast. Available at: https://www.dynamiccoast.com. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

Dynamic Coast. (2022a). Dynamic Coast Web Maps. Available at: https://www.dynamiccoast.com/webmaps. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

ECMWF. (2022). Datasets. Available at: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

Ellis, J., R., Milligan, S., P., Readdy, L., South., A., Taylor, N. and Brown, M. (2010). Mapping spawning and nursery areas of species to be considered in Marine Protected Areas (Marine Conservation Zones). Report No 1: Final Report on development of derived data layers for 40 mobile species considered to be of conservation importance. Cefas, Lowestoft., 89 pp.

Ellis, J., R., Milligan, S., P., Readdy, L., Taylor, N. and Brown, M., J. (2012). Spawning and nursery grounds of selected fish species in UK waters. Science Series Technical Report, 147. Cefas, Lowestoft.

Etter, P.C. (2018). Underwater acoustic modelling and simulation. CRC press.

EMEC and Xodus, (2010). Consenting, EIA and HRA Guidance for Marine Renewable Energy Developments in Scotland. Scottish Government. April 2010.

EMODNet (2019). Seabed habitats. Available at: https://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/access-data/launch-map-viewer/?zoom=3&center=-15.000,51.600&layerIds=1,2&baseLayerId=-3&activeFilters=NobwRANghgngpgJwJIBMwC4CsAGbAaMAMwEsIAXRVDAFgGYCTzEAZAe1YGsBXAB1QGcMwALoNSFBABU4ADzIYwYAL55w0eMjRZcYpppoA2XRLadeAoaKLjE0uQoDiAIVzZqmA8uFA. Accessed on: 25 August 2022.

EMODnet (2021a). EMODnet Bathymetry. Available at: https://www.emodnet-bathymetry.eu/. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

EMODnet (2021b). EMODnet Geology. Available at: https://www.emodnet-geology.eu/. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

EMODnet (2022a). European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) Map Viewer: Paleocoastlines data layer. Available at: https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/geoviewer/#!/ Accessed on: November 2022.

EMODnet (2022b). Human Activities. Fishing Vessel Density and Routes and Fishing Effort Maps. Available at: https://www.emodnet-humanactivities.eu/search-results.php?dataname=Route+density+%28source%3A+EMSA%29. Accessed on: 24 October 2022.

ESCA (2016). ESCA Guideline No. 6 – The Proximity of Offshore Renewable Energy Installations and Submarine Cable Infrastructure in UK Waters.

European Commission (EC) (2001). Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites: Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/docs/art6/natura_2000_assess_en.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

European Commission. (2010). Guidance Document: Wind Energy Developments and Natura 2000. Publications Office of the European Union.

European Commission (2019). Managing Natura 2000 sites: The Provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/docs/art6/EN_art_6_guide_jun_2019.pdf. Accessed on: 11 November 2022.

European Commission (2020a). 2030 climate and energy framework. Available at: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2030-climate-energy-framework_en. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

European Commission (2020b). 2050 long-term strategy. Available at: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2050-long-term-strategy_en. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

European Commission. (2021). Guidance Document on Wind Energy Developments and EU Nature Legislation. Publications Office of the European Union.

EUSeaMap (2021). A European broad-scale seabed habitat map. Available at: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00723/83528/. Accessed on: 05 October 2022.

Farr, H, Ruttenberg, B, Walter, R., K., Wang, Y., H, and White, C. (2021). Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities. Ocean & Coastal Management, 207, 105611.

Fisher, I., Gibbons, D., Thompson, G. and Pritchard, D. (2000). Important Bird Areas in Europe: priority sites for conservation: Volume 1: Northern Europe, in: Heath, M.F., Evans, M.I., Hoccom, D.G., Payne, A.J. and Peet, N.B. (Eds.). Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority Sites for Conservation. Volume 1: Northern Europe. BirdLife International, Cambridge.

FLOWW (2014). Best Practice Guidance for Offshore Renewables Developments. Recommendations for Fisheries Liaison.

FLOWW (2015). Best Practice Guidance for Offshore Renewables Developments: Recommendations for Fisheries Disruption Settlements and Community Funds.

Folk, R. (1954) The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary rock nomenclature. Journal of Geology. 62: 344-359.

Forth and Tay Offshore Wind Developers Group (FTOWDG) (2011) Scottish Offshore Wind Farms – East Coast. Regional Seascape Character Assessment: Aberdeen to Holy Island. Available at: https://nngoffshorewind.com/files/offshore-environmental-statement/Appendix-21.3---Regional-Seascape-Character-Assessment.pdf. Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Fugro (2012). Seagreen Wind Energy Limited: Firth of Forth Zone Development – Metocean Study.

Fugro (2020a). Seagreen 2 and 3 Windfarm Zones Geophysical Survey – Final Survey Results Report – Export Cable Route. Fugro Document No: P906089-RESULTS-008 (01).

Fugro (2020b). Seagreen 2 and 3 and ECR Windfarm Zone Geophysical Survey – Final Survey Results Report – Seagreen 2 and Seagreen 3. Fugro Document No: P906089-RESULTS-012 (01).

Furness, R. (2015). Non-breeding season populations of seabirds in UK waters: Population sizes for Biologically Defined Minimum Population Scales (BDMPS). Natural England Commissioned Report 164.

Furness, R.W., Garthe, S., Trinder, M., Matthiopoulos, J., Wanless, S. and Jeglinski, J. (2018). Nocturnal flight activity of northern gannets Morus bassanus and implications for modelling collision risk at offshore wind farms. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 73, 1–6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2018.06.006. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Gardiner, R., Main, R., Davies, I., Kynoch, R., Gilbey, J., Adams, C. and Newton M. (2018). Recent Investigations into the Marine Migration of Salmon Smolts in the Context of Marine Renewable Development. Conference Presentation. Environmental Interactions of Marine Renewables (EIMR) Conference, Kirkwall, 24-26 April 2018.

Garthe, S. and Hüppop, O. (2004). Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 724–734. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00918.x. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Gatliff, R., W., Richards, P., C., Smith, K., Graham, C., C., McCormac, M., Smith, N., J., P., Long, D., Cameron, T., D., J., Evans, D., Stevenson, A., G., Bulat, J. Ritchie, J., D., Holmes. R., Holloway, S. and Jeffery. D. H (1994). The Geology of the central North Sea. United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report. London, HMSO. 79-100.

Glasson, J., Durning, B., Olorundami, T. and Welch, K. (2018). Guidance on assessing the socio-economic impacts of Offshore Wind Farms. Available at: https://group.vattenfall.com/uk/contentassets/c66251dd969a437c878b5fec736c32aa/best-practice-guidance---final-oct-2020.pdf. Access on: 20 October 2022.

Godfrey, J.D., Stewart, D.C., Middlemas, S.J. and Armstrong, J.D. (2015). Depth Use and Migratory Behaviour of Homing Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish Coastal Waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72, 568–575.

Golding, N., Albrecht, J. and McBreen, F. (2020). Refining the criteria for defining areas with a ‘low resemblance’ to Annex I stony reef, JNCC Report No. 656, September 2020.

Grant, R., Wieskotten, S., Wengst, N., Prescott, T. and Dehnhardt, G. (2013). Vibrissal touch sensing in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): how do seals judge size? Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 199(6), 521-533.

Grellier, K, and Lacey, C. (2012). Analysis of The Crown Estate aerial survey data for marine mammals for the Forth and Tay Offshore Wind Developers Group region. SMRUL-SGW-2012-015. Unpublished report to The FTOWDG.

Gribble, J. and Leather, S. (2010). Offshore Geotechnical Investigations and Historic Environment Analysis: Guidance for the Renewable Energy Sector. COWRIE.

Gubbay, S. (2007). Defining and managing Sabellaria spinulosa reefs: Report of an inter-agency workshop 1-2 May 2007. JNCC Report No. 405, JNCC, Peterborough.

Hague, E., L., Sinclair, R., R. and Sparling, E. (2020). Regional baselines for marine mammal knowledge across the North Sea and Atlantic areas of Scottish waters. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 11 No 12. Published by Marine Scotland Science.

Hammond, P. S., P. Berggren, H. Benke, D. L. Borchers, A. Collet, M. P. Heide-Jørgensen, S. Heimlich, A. R. Hiby, M. F. Leopold, and N. Øien. (2002). Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters. Journal of Applied Ecology 39:361-376.

Hammond, P., K. McLeod, and M. Scheidat. (2006). Small Cetaceans in the European Atlantic and North Sea (SCANS-II). Final Report. Saint Andrews.

Hammond, P., Lacey, C, Gilles, A, S. Viquerat, S, Börjesson, P, Herr, H, Macleod, K. Ridoux, V, Santos, M. Scheidat, M, Teilmann, J. Vingada, J, and Øie, N. (2017). Estimates of cetacean abundance in European Atlantic waters in summer 2016 from the SCANS-III aerial and shipboard surveys.

 

Hammond, P., Lacey, C, Gilles, A, S. Viquerat, S, Börjesson, P, Herr, H, Macleod, K. Ridoux, V, Santos, M. Scheidat, M, Teilmann, J. Vingada, J, and Øie, N. (2021). Estimates of cetacean abundance in European Atlantic waters in summer 2016 from the SCANS-III aerial and shipboard surveys - revised June 2021.

Harker, J., Humphries, G. and Harvey, J. (2022). Berwick Bank Wind Farm Offshore Environmental Impact Assessment. Appendix 11.1: Baseline Ornithology Technical Report. Available at: berwic1_15.pdf (marine.gov.scot). Accessed on: 25 January 2023. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Hastie, G. D., D. J. Russell, S. Benjamins, S. Moss, B. Wilson, and D. Thompson.
(2016). Dynamic habitat corridors for marine predators; intensive use of a coastal channel by harbour seals is modulated by tidal currents. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1-14.

Herrnkind, W. F. and McLean, R. (1971). Field studies of homing, mass emigration, and orientation in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 188(1), 359-376.

HES (2020). Designation Policy and Selection Guidance. Available at: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/publications/publication/?publicationId=8d8bbaeb-ce5a-46c1-a558-aa2500ff7d3b. Accessed on: 26 October 2022.

Highways England, Transport Scotland, Welsh Government and the Department for Infrastructure (2019). Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB): LA104 – Environmental Assessment and Monitoring. Available at: https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/prod/attachments/0f6e0b6a-d08e-4673-8691-cab564d4a60a?inline=true. Accessed on: 30 October 2022.

Historic Environment Scotland (2016). Managing Change in the Historic Environment: Setting. Available at: https://app-hes-pubs-prod-neu-01.azurewebsites.net/api/file/3c15b3e9-b447-4b4e-801f-a67800be22c5. Accessed on: 23 January 2023

HM Government (2007). The Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2007. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/1518/contents. Accessed on: 24 January 2023

HM Government (2009). Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2009/12/contents. Accessed on: 11 November 2022.

HM Government (2011a). The Carbon Plan: Delivering our Low Carbon Future. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/47613/3702-the-carbon-plan-delivering-our-low-carbon-future.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

HM Government (2011b). UK Marine Policy Statement. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69322/pb3654-marine-policy-statement-110316.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

HM Government (2019). Industry Strategy. Offshore Wind Sector Deal. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/790950/BEIS_Offshore_Wind_Single_Pages_web_optimised.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

HM Government (2020a). Powering our Net Zero Future. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/945899/201216_BEIS_EWP_Command_Paper_Accessible.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

HM Government (2020b). Offshore wind Sector Deal – one year on. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/offshore-wind-sector-deal/offshore-wind-sector-deal-one-year-on. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

HM Government (2021). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1033990/net-zero-strategy-beis.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

HM Government (2022a). Offshore Transmission Network Review. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/offshore-transmission-network-review. Accessed on: 22 November 2022.

HM Government (2022b). British Energy Security Strategy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/british-energy-security-strategy/british-energy-security-strategy#introduction. Accessed on: 22 November 2022.

HM Government (2022c). Energy Security Bill Policy Statement: Offshore Wind Environmental Improvement Package Measures. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1127791/Policy_Statement_Offshore_Wind_Environmental_Improvement_Package_Measures.pdf. Accessed on: 16 February 2023.

HM Government (2022d). Guidance - Energy Security Bill factsheet: Offshore wind environmental improvement package. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-security-bill-factsheets/energy-security-bill-factsheet-offshore-wind-environmental-improvement-package. Accessed on: 16 February 2023.

HM Treasury (2022). The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1063330/Green_Book_2022.pdf.  Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

Horswill, C. and Robinson, R.A. (2015). Review of seabird demographic rates and density dependence. JNCC Report No. 552. JNCC, Peterborough.

HR Wallingford (2009). Firth of Forth and Tay Developers Group, Collaborative Oceanographic Survey, Specification and Design. Work Package 1. Review of existing information.

 HR Wallingford (2012). Appendix E3 – Geomorphological Assessment. Seagreen Wind Energy. Available at: http://marine.gov.scot/datafiles/lot/SG_FoF_alpha-bravo/SG_Phase1_Offshore_Project_Consent_Application_Document%20(September%202012)/006%20ES/Volume%20III_Technical%20Appendices/Part%201_Technical%20Appendices/Appendix%20E3.pdf. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

HSE (2001). Noise and Vibration. Offshore Technology Report 2001/068. Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/research/otopdf/2001/oto01068.pdf. Accessed on: 21 December 2022.

HSE and MCA (2017). Regulatory Expectations on Moorings for Floating Wind and Marine Devices. Southampton: MCA.

Hume, J. B. (2017). A review of the geographic distribution, status and conservation of Scotland’s lampreys. The Glasgow Naturalist, 26, 1-10.

Hutchison, Z. L., Gill, A. B., Sigray, P., He, H. and King, J. W. (2020). Anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMF) influence the behaviour of bottom-dwelling marine species. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-15.

Hutchison, Z., L, Gill, A., B, Sigray, P., He, H., and King, J., W. (2021). A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: Considerations for marine renewable energy development. Renewable Energy, 177, 72-81.

Hüttner, T., von Fersen, L., Miersch, L., Czech, N. U. and Dehnhardt, G. (2022). Behavioural and anatomical evidence for electroreception in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The Anatomical Record, 305(3), 592-608.

IALA (2021a). Recommendation O-139 on the Marking of Man-Made Offshore Structures. Saine Germaine en Laye, France: IALA.

IALA (2021b). Guidance G1162 on the Marking of Man-Made Offshore Structures. Saint Germaine en Laye, France: IALA.

IAMMWG (2015). Management Units for cetaceans in UK waters (January 2015). JNCC Report No. 547, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.

IAMMWG (2022). Updated abundance estimates for cetacean Management Units in UK waters. JNCC Report No. 680, JNCC Peterborough. ISSN 0963-8091.

IAQM (2018). Guidance on Monitoring in the Vicinity of Demolition and Construction Sites Version 1.1. Available at: https://iaqm.co.uk/text/guidance/guidance_monitoring_dust_2018.pdf. Accessed on: 18 October 2022.

ICAO (2006). Document 8168 Ops/611 Procedures for Air Navigation Services Aircraft Operations.

ICAO (2022). Annex 14 Aerodromes Design and Operations contains Standards and Recommended Procedures.

ICES (2021). Data for OSPAR request on the production of spatial data layers of fishing intensity/pressure. Available at: https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_for_OSPAR_request_on_the_production_of_spatial_data_layers_of_fishing_intensity_pressure/18601508. Accessed on: 9 November 2022.

ICES (2022a). International Bottom Trawl Survey. Data available to download at: https://datras.ices.dk/home/descriptions.aspx Accessed on: 29 September 2022.

ICES (2022b). Eggs and Larvae. Data available to download at: https://www.ices.dk/data/data-portals/Pages/Eggs-and-larvae.aspx. Accessed on: 9 December 2022.

ICPC (2009). Fishing and Submarine Cables – Working Together. Available at: https://www.iscpc.org/information/marine-resources/fisheries/. Accessed on: 9 November 2022.

ICPC (2021). ICPC Recommendations. Available at: https://www.iscpc.org/publications/recommendations/ Accessed on: 30 November 2022

IEMA (2015). IEMA Environmental Impact Assessment Guide to Shaping Quality Development. Available at: https://www.iaia.org/pdf/wab/IEMA%20Guidance%20Documents%20EIA%20Guide%20to%20Shaping%20Quality%20Development%20V6.pdf. Accessed on 17 November 2022.

IEMA (2016). IEMA Environmental Impact Assessment Guide to Delivering Quality Development

IEMA (2017). Delivering Proportionate EIA: A Collaborative Strategy for Enhancing UK Environmental Impact Assessment Practice. Available at: https://www.iema.net/resources/reading-room/2017/07/18/delivering-proportionate-eia. Accessed on: 30 October 2022.

IEMA (2022). Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Evaluating their Significance. 2nd Edition. Available at: https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/TR010056/TR010056-001649-Climate%20Emergency%20Planning%20and%20Policy%20-%20Appendix%20A%20-%20IEMA%20Guide-%20Assessing%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emissions%20and%20Evaluating%20their%20Significance,%20Version%202,%20Feb%202022.pdf. Accessed on: 21 December 2022. 

IMO (2012). Adoption of the Code on Noise Levels on Board Ships MSC 91/22/Add. 1. Available at: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/Documents/MSC%20-%20Maritime%20Safety/337(91).pdf. Accessed on: 21 December 2022.

IMO (2018). Revised Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment. London: IMO.

IMO (2022). International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM). Available at: https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Control-and-Management-of-Ships%27-Ballast-Water-and-Sediments-(BWM).aspx. Accessed on: 12 December 2022.

Inch Cape Offshore Limited (2011). Offshore Environmental Statement, Volume 1B: Biological Environment. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/inch2011.pdf. Accessed on: 15 December 2022.

Institute for Government (2020). UK net zero target. Available at: https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target#:~:text=The%20UK%20is%20on%20track%20to%20meet%20its,sixth%20carbon%20budget%20%282033%E2%80%9337%29%20in%20September%202020.%20%5B15%5D. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

International Labour Conference (2006). Maritime Labour Conference. Available at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_norm/%40normes/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_090250.pdf. Accessed on: 21 December 2022.

Intertek METOC (2011). Coastal Processes Assessment for Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm Technical Report.

 

Intertek METOC (2012). Summary of Seagreen Firth of Forth Metocean Surveys to Date.

Irving, R. (2009). Identification of the Main Characteristics of Stony Reef Habitats under the Habitats Directive. Summary of an Inter Agency Workshop 26-27 March 2008. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, JNCC Report No. 432, 28pp.

ITP Energised Ltd. (2017). Appendix 5.2 Construction Noise And Vibration Technical Note. Neart na Gaoithe Wind Farm.

JNCC (2010a). Statutory nature conservation agency protocol for minimising the risk of injury to marine mammals from piling noise. August 2010.

JNCC (2010b). JNCC guidelines for minimising the risk of injury to marine mammals from using explosives. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen, UK.

JNCC (2015a). Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast Designated Special Area of Conservation. Available at: https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/site/UK0017072. Accessed on: 21 September 2022.

JNCC (2015b). Dornoch Firth and Morrich More Designated Special Area of Conservation. Available at: https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/site/UK0019806. Accessed on: 21 of September 2022..

JNCC (2015c). Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary Designated Special Area of Conservation. Available at: https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/site/UK0030311. Accessed on: 21 of September 2022.

JNCC (2015d). Isle of May Designated Special Area of Conservation. Available at: https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/site/UK0030172. Accessed on: 21 of September 2022.

JNCC (2015e). Moray Firth Designated Special Area of Conservation. Available at: https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/site/UK0019808. Accessed on: 21 of September 2022.

JNCC (2017) JNCC guidelines for minimising the risk of injury to marine mammals from geophysical surveys. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/e2a46de5-43d4-43f0-b296-c62134397ce4/jncc-guidelines-seismicsurvey-aug2017-web.pdf. Accessed on: October 2022.

JNCC (2019a). European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S1351 Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) United Kingdom.

JNCC (2019b). European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S2618 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) United Kingdom.

JNCC (2019c). European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S1349 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) United Kingdom.

JNCC (2019d). European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S2032 Whitebeaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) United Kingdom.

JNCC (2019e). European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/EEC) Fourth Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2013 to December 2018 Conservation status assessment for the species: S1364 Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) United Kingdom.

JNCC (2020a). Guidance on noise management in harbour porpoise SACs. Available at: https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/2e60a9a0-4366-4971-9327-2bc409e09784. Accessed on: October 2022.

JNCC (2020b). Seabird Population Trends and Causes of Change: 1986-2018 Report. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

JNCC (2020c). MPA Mapper. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/mpa-mapper/ Accessed on: 25 August 2022.

JNCC (2021a). Firth of Forth Banks Complex MPA. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/firth-of-forth-banks-complex-mpa/. Accessed on: 20 January 2023.

JNCC (2021b). Marine Protected Areas and Designations. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/mpa-mapper/. Accessed on: 24 September 2022.

JNCC (2021c). Firth of Forth Banks Complex MPA. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/firth-of-forth-banks-complex-mpa/. Accessed on: 20 January 2023.

JNCC (2021d). Swallow Sand MPA. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/swallow-sand-mpa/. Accessed on: 20 January 2023.

JNCC (2021e). Southern North Sea MPA. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/southern-north-sea-mpa/. Accessed on: 21 of September 2022.

JNCC (2022). Seabird Monitoring Programme Online Database (Online Database). Available at: Seabird Monitoring Programme | JNCC (bto.org). Accessed on: 15 December 2022.

Johnston, A., Cook, A.S.C.P., Wright, L.J., Humphreys, E.M. and Burton, N.H.K. (2014). Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more accurately assess collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology 51, 31–41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12191. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Joint Nautical Archaeology Policy Committee (JNAPC) (2006). Code of Practice for Seabed Development.

Jones, E.L., McConnell, B.J., Smout, S., Hammond, P.S., Duck, C.D., Morris, C.D., Thompson, D., Russell, D.J., Vincent, C., Cronin, M. and Sharples, R.J. (2015). Patterns of space use in sympatric marine colonial predators reveal scales of spatial partitioning. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 534, 235-249.

Judd, A. (2012). Guidelines for Data Acquisition to Support Marine Environmental Assessments of Offshore Renewable Energy Projects. Cefas contract report: ME5403 – Module 15 submitted to Defra and the MMO.

King, S., Maclean, I., Norman, T. and Prior, A. (2009). Developing Guidance on Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment for Offshore Wind Farm Developers (No. COWRIE CIBIRD). COWRIE.

KIS-ORCA (2022). Metocean Equipment Deployments at 3 sites on the SSE Ossian Floating Offshore Wind Farm. Available at: https://kis-orca.org/search/?searchTerm=ossian&action=searchSite. Accessed on: 17 October 2022.

Langton, R, Boulcott, P, and Wright, P., J (2021). A verified distribution model for the lesser sandeel Ammodytes marinus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 667, 145-159.

Latto, P., L., Reach, I., S, Alexander, D, Armstrong, S, Backstrom, J, Beagley, E, Murphy, K., Piper, R, and Seiderer L.J., (2013). Screening Spatial Interactions between Marine Aggregate Application Areas and Sandeel Habitat. A Method Statement produced for British Marine Aggregate Producers Association (BMAPA).

Limpenny, D.S., Foster-Smith, R.L., Edwards, T.M., Hendrick, V.J., Diesing, M., Eggleton, J.D., Meadows, W.J., Crutchfield, Z., Pfeifer, S. and Reach, I.S. (2010). Best Methods for Identifying and Evaluating Sabellaria spinulosa and Cobble Reef. Natural England Supported Through Defra's Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund, ALSF Ref No. MAL0008, 149pp

Linley, E, A. S., Wilding, T. A, Black, K., Hawkins, A. J. S. and Mangi, S. (2007). Review of the reef effects of offshore wind farm structures and their potential for enhancement and mitigation. Report from PML Applications Ltd and the Scottish Association for Marine Science to the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR), Contract No: RFCA/005/0029P.

Lohmann, K., Pentcheff, N., Nevitt, G., Stetten, G., Zimmer-Faust, R., Jarrard, H. and Boles, L. C. (1995). Magnetic orientation of spiny lobsters in the ocean: experiments with undersea coil systems. The Journal of experimental biology, 198(10), 2041-2048.

Lothian A.J, Newton M, Barry, J, Walters M, Miller R.C and Adams C.E. (2017). Migration Pathways, Speed and Mortality of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts in a Scottish River and the Near-shore Coastal Marine Environment. Ecology of Freshwater Fish.

Maclean I.M.D., Wright L.J., Showler D.A. and Rehfisch M.M. (2009). A Review of Assessment Methodologies for Offshore Wind farms (COWRIE METH-08-08). Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Maclean-et-al-2009.pdf. Accessed on: 30 October 2022.

Madsen, P. T., Wahlberg, M., Tougaard, J., Lucke, K. and Tyack, A. P. (2006). Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs. Marine ecology progress series, 309, 279-295.

Mainstream Renewable Power (2012). Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement. Available at: https://nngoffshorewind.com/files/offshore-environmental-statement/Chapter-21---SLVIA.pdf. Accessed on: 23 January 2023.

Maitland, P., S. and Hatton-Ellis, W., W. (2003). Ecology of the Allis and Twaite Shad. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 3. English Nature, Peterborough.

Malcolm, I., A., Godfrey, J., and Youngson, A., F. (2010). Review of migratory routes and behaviour of Atlantic salmon, Sea trout, and European eel in Scotland’s coastal environment: implications for the development of marine renewables. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 1(14).

Malcolm, I.A, Millar C.P and Millidine K.J (2015). Spatio-Temporal Variability in Scottish Smolt Emigration Times and Sizes. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science. Volume 6 Number 2. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0047/00472202.pdf. Accessed on: 7 November 2022.

Marine Institute (2000). Assessment of Impact of Offshore Wind Energy Structures on the Marine Environment. Marine Institute. Available at: https://oar.marine.ie/bitstream/handle/10793/579/Assessment%20of%20Impact%20of%20Offshore%20Wind%20Energy%20Structures.pdf;sequence=1 Accessed on: 30 November 2022.

Marine Management Organisation (2018). Seascape Character Assessment for the North East Inshore and Offshore marine plan areas. A report produced by LUC for the Marine Management Organisation, Project No: MMO1134. Available at: https://maritime-spatial-planning.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/north_east_-_seascape_character_assessment_report.pdf. Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Marine Scotland (2011a). Blue seas – Green Energy. A Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters. Part A – The Plan. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Blue_Seas_Green_Energy.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Marine Scotland (2011b). Scotland’s Marine Atlas: Information for The National Marine Plan. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-marine-atlas-information-national-marine-plan/pages/4/. Accessed on: 17 October 2022.

Marine Scotland (2013). Planning Scotland’s Seas: SEA of Plans for Wind, Wave and Tidal Power in Scottish Marine Waters Environmental Report. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/impact-assessment/2013/07/draft-sectoral-marine-plans-offshore-renewable-energy-scottish-waters-strategic/documents/00428212-pdf/00428212-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00428212.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Marine Scotland (2015). Scotland’s National Marine Plan. A Single Framework for Managing Our Seas. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2015/03/scotlands-national-marine-plan/documents/00475466-pdf/00475466-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00475466.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Marine Scotland (2018). Marine Scotland Consenting and Licensing Guidance For Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy Applications. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/advice-and-guidance/2020/02/marine-licensing-applications-and-guidance/documents/guidance/guidance-manual-for-offshore-wind-wave-and-tidal-energy-application/guidance-manual-for-offshore-wind-wave-and-tidal-energy-application/govscot%3Adocument/Guidance%2BManual%2Bfor%2BOffshore%2BWind%252C%2BWave%2Band%2BTidal%2BEnergy%2BApplication.pdf. Accessed on:16 January 2023.

Marine Scotland (2020). Draft Sectoral Marine Plans for Wind Wave and Tidal – 2013. Available at: http://marine.gov.scot/information/draft-sectoral-marine-plans-wind-wave-and-tidal-2013. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Marine Scotland (2021a). 2020 Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics – Fishing Effort and Quality and Value of Landings by ICES Rectangle. Available at: https://data.marine.gov.scot/dataset/2020-scottish-sea-fisheries-statistics-fishing-effort-and-quantity-and-value-landings-ices. Accessed on: 9 November 2022.

Marine Scotland (2021b) Scoping Opinion: Berwick Bank Offshore Wind Farm. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/scoping_opinion_7.pdf Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Marine Scotland (2021c). 2020 Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics – Fishing Effort and Quality and Value of Landings by ICES Rectangle. Available at: https://data.marine.gov.scot/dataset/2020-scottish-sea-fisheries-statistics-fishing-effort-and-quantity-and-value-landings-ices. Accessed on: 9 November 2022.

Marine Scotland (2022a) National Marine Plan Interactive. Available at: https://marinescotland.atkinsgeospatial.com/nmpi/. Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Marine Scotland (2022b). Berwick Bank Offshore Wind Farm: Scoping Opinion adopted by the Scottish Ministers.  Available at: scoping_opinion_8.pdf (marine.gov.scot). Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Marine Scotland (2022c). Good Practice Guidelines for Assessing Fisheries Displacement by other Licensed Marine Activities. The Scottish Government Report A303088-S00-REPT-002-A02.

Marine Scotland (2022d). Scottish Shelf model. Available at: http://marine.gov.scot/information/wider-domain-scottish-shelf-model. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.    

Marine Scotland (2023). Caledonia Offshore Wind Farm: Scoping Opinion adopted by the Scottish Ministers. Available at: scoping_opinion_12.pdf (marine.gov.scot). Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Marubeni (2022a). Company Profile. Available from: https://www.marubeni.com/en/company/profile/ Accessed on 22 November 2022

Marubeni (2022b). Changing the Future with Offshore Wind Power. Available at: https://www.marubeni.com/en/business/power/2022power/. Accessed on: 16 January 2023.

Marubeni Offshore Wind Development (2023). Home Page. Available at: https://mowd.jp/en/. Accessed on: 16 January 2023.

Marubini, F., A. Gimona, P. G. Evans, P. J. Wright, and G. J. Pierce. (2009). Habitat preferences and interannual variability in occurrence of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena off northwest Scotland. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 38, :297-310.

Mavor, R.A., Pickerell, G., Heubeck, M. and Thompson, K.R. (2001). Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2000. No. UK Nature Conservation No. 25. JNCC.

Mavor, R.A., Heubeck, M., Schmitt, S. and Parsons, M. (2008). Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2006. UK Nature Conservation No. 31. JNCC.

  • MCA (2021). MGN 654 (Merchant and Fishing) Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREI) – Guidance on UK Navigational Practice, Safety and Emergency Response. Southampton: MCA.

McConnell, B.J., Fedak, M.A., Lovell, P. and Hammond, P.S. (1999). Movements and foraging areas of grey seals in the North Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36(4), 573-590.

McGregor, R.M., King, S., Donovan, C.R., Caneco, B. and Webb, A. (2018). A Stochastic Collision Risk Model for Seabirds in Flight. Marine Scotland.

Mclay, A, Mesquita, C, Dobby, H. and Blackadder, L (2016). Fish and shellfish stocks 2016 Edition; Scottish Shellfish Stocks section. Marine Scotland Science, The Scottish Government, Edinburgh (UK).

MEDIN. (2022). Bathymetry data. Available online: https://data.admiralty.co.uk/portal/apps/sites/#/marine-data-portal. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

Merchant, N., Brookes, K., Faulkner, R. C., Bicknell, A.W.J, Godley, B.J. and Witt, M.J. (2016). Underwater noise levels in UK waters. Sci Rep 6, 36942.

Mesquita, C, Dobby, H. and Mclay, A. (2016). Crab and lobster fisheries in Scotland: Results of Stock Assessments 2009-2012. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 7(9).

Mesquita, C, Miethe, T, Dobby, H. and Mclay, A. (2017). Crab and lobster fisheries in Scotland: Results of Stock Assessments 2013-2015. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 8(14).

Met Office (2015). Met Office Planning Map - Hill of Dudwick, Aberdeenshire. Available at: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/services/industry/energy/safeguarding/dudwick_map.compressed.pdf.

MMO. (2014). Review of post-consent offshore wind farm monitoring data associated with license conditions. A report produced for the MMO. MMO Project No: 1031. ISBN: 978-1-909452-24-4.

MMO (2017). UK Sea Fisheries Annual Statistics Report 2015. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-sea-fisheries-annual-statistics-report-2015. Accessed on: 20 December 2022.

MMO (2022). UK Sea Fisheries Annual Statistics Report 2021. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-sea-fisheries-annual-statistics-report-2021 Accessed on: 21 October 2022.

MOD (2022). Military Aeronautical Information Publication.

MORL (2014). Physical Environment (Offshore). Chapter 3.1 Hydrodynamic, Sedimentary, and Coastal Processes. Moray Offshore Renewables Limited Environmental Statement.

Morris, C., D, Duck, C., D, and Thompson, D. (2021). Aerial surveys of seals in Scotland during the harbour seal moult 2016-2019. NatureScot Research Report 1256.

Moskalski, S. and Torres, R. (2012). Influences of tides, weather, and discharge on suspended sediment concentration. Continental Shelf Research, 37, 36-45.

NAEI (2021). Report: Air Quality Pollutant Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2005-2019.

National Grid (2022a). The Pathway to 2030 Holistic Network Design. Available at: https://www.nationalgrideso.com/future-energy/the-pathway-2030-holistic-network-design. Accessed on: 22 November 2022

National Grid (2022b). A Holistic Network Design for Offshore Wind. Available at: https://www.nationalgrideso.com/future-energy/the-pathway-2030-holistic-network-design/hnd. Accessed on: 22 November 2022

National Records of Scotland (2021a). Mid-2020 Population Estimates Scotland. Available at: https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/mid-year-population-estimates/mid-2020. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

National Records of Scotland (2021b). 2020-based Principal Population Projections. Available at: https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-projections/population-projections-scotland/2020-based. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

NATS (2022). UK Integrated Aeronautical Information Package.

Natural England (2022). Natural England interim advice on updated Collision Risk Modelling parameters (July 2022). Appendix B1 in Sheringham Shoal Extension and Dudgeon Extension Offshore Wind Farms. Relevant Representations of Natural England. Available at: EN010109-000540-Natural England - Relevant Representation.pdf (planninginspectorate.gov.uk). Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

NatureScot (2018). Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-05/Publication%202018%20-%20Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Handbook%20V5.pdf. Accessed on: 30 October 2022.

NatureScot (2020a). Marine Bird Impact Assessment Guidance Workshop Report: Notes from the workshop held on 20 February 2020. Available at: Marine bird impact assessment guidance workshop - 20 Feb 2020 - Workshop report_0.pdf (nature.scot). Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

NatureScot (2020b). Seasonal Periods for Birds in the Scottish Marine Environment: Short Guidance Note Version 2. Available at: Guidance note - Seasonal definitions for birds in the Scottish Marine Environment.pdf (nature.scot). Accessed on: 15 December 2022.

NatureScot (2021). Scoping Advice for the Berwick Bank Revised Design. Available at: appendix_i_-_consultation_representations_and_advice_0.pdf (marine.gov.scot). Accessed on: 15 December 2022.

NatureScot. (2022a). Lamprey. Available online: https://www.nature.scot/plants-animals-and-fungi/fish/freshwater-fish/lamprey#:~:text=After%20spending%2018%20to%2024,of%20pebble%20and%20cobble%20substrate. Accessed on: 17 January 2023.

NatureScot. (2022b). Sparling. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/plants-animals-and-fungi/fish/freshwater-fish/sparling. Accessed on: 17 January 2023.

NECD (2020). Informative Inventory Report (IIR) March 2020. Available at: http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/gb/eu/nec_revised/iir/envxmo4ag/. Accessed on: 21 October 2022.

Nedwell J.R., Collett A.G., Barham R.J., Mason T.I. and Bird H.V. (2012). Measurement and Assessment of Underwater Noise during Ormonde Offshore Wind Farm’s Operational Phase. Subacoustech Report No. E354R0104.

Newton, M., Main, R. and Adams, C. (2017). Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Smolt Movements in the Cromarty and Moray Firths, Scotland. LF000005-REP-1854, March 2017.

NMFS (2016). Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing: Underwater Acoustic Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts. U.S. Dept. of Commer., NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-55, 178 p.

NMFS (2018). Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing: Underwater Acoustic Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts. National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA).

Normandeau (2011). Effects of EMFs from undersea power cables on elasmobranchs and other marine species. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement, Camarillo, California. OCS Study BOEMRE 2011-09

NPL (2014). Good Practice Guide No. 133 – Underwater Noise Measurement. Available at: https://www.npl.co.uk/special-pages/guides/gpg133underwater. Accessed on: October 2022.

NSTA (2022). NSTA launches 33rd Offshore Oil and Gas Licensing Round. Available at: https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/news-publications/news/2022/nsta-launches-33rd-offshore-oil-and-gas-licensing-round/. Accessed on 27 January 2023

NSTA (2023). Offshore Oil and Gas Activity. Available at: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=f4b1ea5802944a55aa4a9df0184205a5. Accessed on: 26 January 2023.

Ocean Infinity (2022a). SSER ScotWind E1E Geophysical & Environmental Survey: Environmental Survey Report. Document number: 103995-SSE-OI-SUR-REP-ENVSURRE. Ocean Infinity, Sweden.

Ocean Infinity (2022b). SSER ScotWind E1E Geophysical & Environmental Survey: Interpretive Report. Document number: 103995-SSE-MMT-SUR-REP-INTRE. Ocean Infinity, Sweden.

Official Journal of the European Union (2016). Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/2284/oj. Accessed on: 21 December 2022.

Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult (2020). Offshore Wind O&M a £9 billion per year opportunity by 2030 for the UK to seize. Available at: https://ore.catapult.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Catapult-Offshore-Wind-OM_final-050521.pdf. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

Offshore Wind Industry Council (2021). People Skills Survey 2021-2026. Available at: https://aura-innovation.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/OWIC-Offshore-Wind-Skills-Intelligence-report-2021-26-reduced-size.pdf. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

ONS (2022a). Mid-Year Population Estimates UK 2020. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

ONS (2022b). Principal Population Projections 2020-based. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/z1zippedpopulationprojectionsdatafilesuk. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

ONS (2022c). Business Register and Employment Survey. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk. Accessed at:  https://www.nomisweb.co.uk. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

ORE Catapult (2021). Mooring and Anchoring Systems - Market Projections. Available at: https://ore.catapult.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/PN000413-RPT-003-Rev-2-Mooring-and-Anchoring-Market-Projections_Formatted.pdf. Accessed on: 18 January 2022.

OSPAR (2008). OSPAR Guidance on Environmental Considerations for Offshore Wind Farm Development. (Reference number: 2008-3). Available at: http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/224682.pdf. Accessed on: 7 November 2022.

Osprey (2022). Osprey Consulting Services Limited Radar Line of Sight Analysis.

Otani, S. and Naito, Y. and Kato, A. and Kawamura, A.. (2001). Oxygen consumption and swim speed of the harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena. Fisheries Science. 67. 894-898. 10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00338.x.

OWIG (2010). Scotland’s Offshore Wind Route Map. Developing Scotland’s Offshore Wind Industry to 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2010/09/scotlands-offshore-wind-route-map-developing-scotlands-offshore-wind-industry/documents/0105071-pdf/0105071-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/0105071.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

OWIG (2013). Scotland’s Offshore Wind Route Map. Developing Scotland’s Offshore Wind Industry to 2020 and Beyond. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/Resource/0041/00413483.pdf (webarchive.org.uk). Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Parsons, M., Mitchell, I., Butler, A., Ratcliffe, N., Frederiksen, M., Foster, S. and Reid, J.B. (2008). Seabirds as indicators of the marine environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, 1520–1526. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn155. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Paxton, C., G., M, Scott-Hayward, L., Mackenzie, M., Rexstad, E., and Thomas, L. (2016). Revised Phase III Data Analysis of Joint Cetacean Protocol Data Resource. JNCC Report No. 517.

Pearce, B., Grubb, L., Earnshaw, S., Pitts, J. and Goodchild, R. (2014). Biotope assignment of grab samples from four surveys undertaken in 2011 across Scotland’s seas (2012). JNCC Report, No 509.

Pennycuick, C. (1997). Actual and “optimum” flight speeds: field data reassessed. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2355.

Pierpoint, C. (2008). Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) foraging strategy at a high energy, near-shore site in south-west Wales, UK. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 88, 1167-1173.

Popper, A.N., Hawkins, A.D., Fay, R.R., Mann, D.A., Bartol, S., Carlson, T.J., Coombs, S., Ellison, W.T., Gentry, R.L., Halvorsen, M.B., Løkkeborg, S., Rogers, P.H., Southall, B.L., Zeddies, D.G. and Tavolga, W.N. (2014). ASA S3/SC1.4 TR-2014 Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles: A Technical Report prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards committee S3/SC1 and registered with ANSI. American National Standards Institute. Springer, Cham. pp.33-51.

Putland, R. et al. (In press) Underwater noise from floating offshore wind: potential impacts on fish and marine mammals. Presentation at OWEER 2022. Study in prep. 19pp.

Ramsay and Brampton (2000). Coastal Cells in Scotland: Cell 1 - St Abb's Head to Fife Ness. Available at: http://www.dynamiccoast.com/resources. Accessed on: 18 November 2022.

Reach I., S, Latto P, Alexander D, Armstrong S, Backstrom J, Beagley E, Murphy K, Piper R, and Seiderer L., J. (2013). Screening Spatial Interactions between Marine Aggregate Application Areas and Atlantic Herring Potential Spawning Areas. A Method Statement produced for BMAPA.

Red Rock Power Limited. (2018). Inch Cape Wind Farm Non-Technical Summary. Available at: https://www.inchcapewind.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/A65986_RRP_Offshore_NTS_Brochure.pdf. Accessed on: 11 January 2023.

Reid, J., Evans, P.G.H. and Northridge, S.P. (2003). Cetacean Distribution Atlas. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. 68pp.

RenewableUK (2013). Cumulative Impact Assessment Guidelines - Guiding Principles For Cumulative Impacts Assessment In Offshore Wind Farms. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Cumulative-Impact-Assessment-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed on: 15 December 2022

Repsol and EDP Renewables (2013). Inch Cape Offshore Wind Fam. Offshore Environmental Statement: Non Technical Summary. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/datafiles/lot/inch_cape/Non%20Technical%20summary/Non%20Technical%20Summary.pdf. Accessed on: 22 December 2022.

Robinson, R.A. (2005). BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland. BTO Research Report No. 407. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford.

Rogan, E., Breen, P., Mackey, M., Cañadas, A., Scheidat, M., Geelhoed, S. and Jessopp, M. (2018). Aerial surveys of cetaceans and seabirds in Irish waters: Occurrence, distribution and abundance in 2015-2017. Department of Communications, Climate Action & Environment and National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Dublin, Ireland. 297pp.

Royal Haskoning (2009). Dudgeon Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement. Prepared on behalf of Dudgeon Offshore Wind Limited.

Royal Haskoning DHV (2012). Seagreen Wind Energy: Appendix E2 – Metocean and Geophysical Surveys.

Royal HaskoningDHV (2022). Berwick Bank Wind Farm Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment. Part Three: Special Protection Areas. Available at: 221220_-_eor0766_berwick_bank_wind_farm_-_riaa_part_3_spa_assessment_-_signed.pdf (marine.gov.scot). Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Russell, D. J. F., Duck, C., Morris, C., and Thompson, D. (2016). Independent estimates of grey seal population size: 2008 and 2014. SCOS Briefing paper, 16(3).

RWE Renewables (2022). Awel y Môr Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement. Volume 2, Chapter 10: Seascape, Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. Available at: https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010112/EN010112-000196-6.2.10_AyM_ES_Volume2_Chapter10_SeascapeLandscapeVisual_vFinal.pdf Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

RYA (2019a). The RYA’s Position on Offshore Energy Developments: Paper 1 – Wind Energy. Southampton: MCA.

RYA (2019b). UK Coastal Atlas of Recreational Boating. Southampton: RYA.

SAS (2009). Guidance on Environmental Impact Assessment of Offshore Renewable Energy Development on Surfing Resources and Recreation. Surfers Against Sewage, St Agnes, UK. Available at: https://www.sas.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sas-guidance-on-environmental-impact-assessment.pdf. Accessed on: 26 October 2022.

Saunders, G., Bedford, G., S., Trendall, J., R. and Sotheran, I. (2011). Guidance on survey and monitoring in relation to marine renewables deployments in Scotland. Volume 5. Benthic Habitats. Unpublished draft report to Scottish Natural Heritage and Marine Scotland.

SCANS-II (2008). Small cetaceans in the European Atlantic and North Sea. Final report submitted to the European Commission under project LIFE04NAT/BG/000245, SMRU, St Andrews.

Schulkin, M., and J. A. Mercer. (1985). Colossus Revisited: A Review and Extension of the Marsh-Schulkin Shallow Water Transmission Loss Model (1962). DTIC Document.

SCOS (2021). Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2020.

Scottish Government (2013a). Planning Advice Note 1/2013: Environmental Impact Assessment. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/planning-advice-note-1-2013-environmental-impact-assessment/ Accessed on November 2022.

Scottish Government (2013b). Electricity generation policy statement 2013. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/electricity-generation-policy-statement-2013/. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2013c). Planning Scotland’s Seas. Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy in Scottish Waters. Consultation Draft. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-paper/2013/07/draft-sectoral-marine-plans-offshore-renewable-energy-scottish-waters-consultation/documents/00428241-pdf/00428241-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00428241.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2014a). National Planning Framework 3. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-3/. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2014b). Scottish Planning Policy. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-planning-policy/. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2015). Scotland's National Marine Plan. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-marine-plan/. Accessed on: 26 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2017). Scottish Energy Scotland: The future of energy in Scotland. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-energy-strategy-future-energy-scotland-9781788515276/. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2018a). Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy Applications: Consenting and Licensing Manual. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/marine-scotland-consenting-licensing-manual-offshore-wind-wave-tidal-energy-applications/pages/5/. Accessed on: 30 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2018b). National Performance Framework. Available at: https://nationalperformance.gov.scot/sites/default/files/documents/NPF_A2_Poster.pdf. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2019a). Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy Strategic Habitat Regulations Appraisal (HRA): Screening and Appropriate Assessment Information Report – Final.

Scottish Government (2019b). Consultation on proposals to designate four Marine Protected Areas in Scottish Waters. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/arine-protected-areas-mobile-marine-species-consultation-proposals-designate-four-new-marine-protected-areas-scottish-waters/documents/ Accessed on: 21 of September 2022.

Scottish Government (2020a). Offshore Wind Policy Statement. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/offshore-wind-policy-statement/. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2020b). Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy/. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2020c). Sectoral Marine Plan: Post Adoption Statement. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/sectoral-marine-plan-post-adoption-statement/pages/7/. Accessed on: 15 December 2022.

Scottish Government (2020d). Draft Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy (2019): Consultation Analysis Report (December 2019 to March 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/consultation-analysis/2020/07/draft-sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy-2019-consultation-analysis-report/documents/draft-sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy-2019-consultation-analysis-report-december-2019-march-2020/draft-sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy-2019-consultation-analysis-report-december-2019-march-2020/govscot%3Adocument/draft-sectoral-marine-plan-offshore-wind-energy-2019-consultation-analysis-report-december-2019-march-2020.pdf. Accessed on: 24 January 2023.

Scottish Government (2021a). Energy Strategy: Position Statement. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-energy-strategy-position-statement/#:~:text=The%20Energy%20Strategy%20position%20statement,the%20lead%20up%20to%20COP26. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2021b). Scotland 2045 - fourth National Planning Framework - draft: consultation. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotland-2045-fourth-national-planning-framework-draft/documents/. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2022a). Cleaner Air for Scotland 2. Towards a Better Place for Everyone 2021/2022 Progress Report. Available at: https://www.scottishairquality.scot/sites/default/files/orig/assets/documents/Cleaner_Air_for_Scotland_2_annual_progress_report_2021-22_June_2022.pdf. Accessed on: 18 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2022b). Scottish Greenhouse Gas Statistics 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-greenhouse-gas-statistics-2020/pages/1/. Accessed on: 21 December 2022.

Scottish Government (2022c), Defining 'local area' for assessing impact of offshore renewables and other marine developments: guidance principles. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/defining-local-area-assessing-impact-offshore-renewables-marine-developments-guidance-principles/. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2022d), General Advice for Socio-Economic Impact Assessment Marine Analytical Unit.

Scottish Government (2022e). A Blue Economy Vision for Scotland. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/blue-economy-vision-scotland/pages/4/. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2022f). Scotland’s National Strategy for Economic Transformation. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2022g). National Planning Framework 4. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-4/. Accessed on: 31 January 2023.

Scottish Government (2022h). Sectoral Marine Plan – Roadmap of actions. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2022/12/sectoral-marine-plan-roadmap-actions/documents/sectoral-marine-plan-roadmap-actions/sectoral-marine-plan-roadmap-actions/govscot%3Adocument/sectoral-marine-plan-roadmap-actions.pdf. Accessed on: 30 January 2023.

Scottish Government (2022i). Decommissioning of Offshore Renewable Energy Installations in Scottish waters or in the Scottish part of the Renewable Energy Zone under The Energy Act 2004: Guidance notes for industry (in Scotland). Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/advice-and-guidance/2022/08/offshore-renewable-energy-decommissioning-guidance-scottish-waters/documents/decommissioning-offshore-renewable-energy-installations-scottish-waters-scottish-part-renewable-energy-zone-under-energy-act-2004-guidance-notes-industry-scotland/decommissioning-offshore-renewable-energy-installations-scottish-waters-scottish-part-renewable-energy-zone-under-energy-act-2004-guidance-notes-industry-scotland/govscot%3Adocument/decommissioning-offshore-renewable-energy-installations-scottish-waters-scottish-part-renewable-energy-zone-under-energy-act-2004-guidance-notes-industry-scotland.pdf. Accessed on: 5 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2022j). Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland 2021-22. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers-2021-22/documents/.  Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2022k). National Strategy for Economic Transformation. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-national-strategy-economic-transformation/documents/. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

Scottish Government (2022l). Guidance for applicants on using the design envelope for applications under section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/guidance-applicants-using-design-envelope-applications-under-section-36-electricity-act-1989/. Accessed on: November 2022.

Scottish Government (2023). Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan – delivering a fair and secure zero carbon energy system for Scotland.

Scottish Natural Heritage (2012). Offshore Renewables – guidance on assessing the impact on coastal landscape and seascape. Guidance for Scoping an Environmental Statement. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-11/Guidance%20-%20Offshore%20Renewables%20-%20assessing%20the%20impact%20on%20coastal%20landscape%20and%20seascape%20-%20Guidance%20for%20scoping%20an%20Environmental%20Statement.pdf. Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Scottish Natural Heritage (2017). Visual Representation of Wind Farms. Version 2.2. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/visual-representation-wind-farms-guidance Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Sea Fish Industry Authority and UKFEN (2012). Best practice guidance for fishing industry financial and economic impact assessments. Second Edition. Available at: https://www.iscpc.org/information/marine-resources/fisheries/ Accessed on: 24 October 2022

Seagreen (2012). Seagreen Alpha and Bravo Offshore Wind Farms: Environmental Statement.. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/chapter_16_-_seascape_landscape_and_visual_amenity.pdf Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Seagreen (2018). Seagreen Alpha/Bravo. Chapter 9: Natural Fish and Shellfish Resource. EIA Report, Volume 1.

Searle, K.R., Mobbs, D.C., Butler, A., Furness, R.W., Trinder, M.N. and Daunt. F. (2018). Finding out the fate of displaced birds. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 9 No 08.

Searle, K., Mobbs, D., Daunt, F. and Butler, A. (2019). A Population Viability Analysis Modelling Tool for Seabird Species. Natural England Commissioned Report No. ITT_4555.

Searle, K.R., Jones, E.L., Trinder, M., McGregor, R., Donovan, C., Cook, A., Daunt, F., Humphries, L., Masden, E., McCluskie, A. and Butler, A. (2021). JNCC Report on the Correct treatment of uncertainty in ornithological assessments. JNCC Report No. 677. JNCC, Peterborough.

Sigray, P. and Andersson, M. (2011). Particle Motion Measured at an Operational Wind Turbine in Relation to Hearing Sensitivity in Fish. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 130. 200-7.

Sims, D.W., Speedie, C.D. and Fox, A.M. (2000). Movements and growth of a female basking shark resighted after a three year period. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 80: 1141-1142.

Sinclair, R. R. (2021). Seal Haul-out and Telemetry Data in Relation to the Berwick Bank Offshore Wind Farm. SMRU Consulting Report Number SMRUC-RPS-2021-005, Provided to RPS, January 2021.

Skov, H., Heinänen, S., Norman, T., Ward, R.M., Méndez-Roldán, R.S. and Ellis, I. (2018). ORJIP Bird Collision and Avoidance Study. Final report – April 2018. The Carbon Trust.

Smart Wind (2015). Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Project Two. Environmental Statement Volume 4 – Introductory Annexes, Annex 4.3.1 Airborne Noise Technical Report. Available at: https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010053/EN010053-000354-7.4.3.1%20Airborne%20Noise%20Technical%20Report.pdf. Accessed on: 21 December 2022.

SMRU (2022a). Grey Seal Pup Production – England. Available at: http://www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk/scos/scos-data/grey-seal-pup-production/grey-seal-pup-production-england/ Accessed on: 22 of September 2022.

SMRU (2022b). August Seal Counts – England. Available at: http://www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk/scos/scos-data/august-seal-counts/august-seal-counts-england/ Accessed on: 22 of September 2022.

SNH (2009a). St Abb’s Head to Fast Castle SPA Citation. Available at: SiteLink (nature.scot). Accessed on: 15 December 2022.

SNH (2009b). Fowlsheugh SPA Citation (Including Marine Extension). Available at: SiteLink (nature.scot). Accessed on: 15 December 2022.

SNH (2018). Forth Islands SPA Citation (Including Marine Extension). Available at: SiteLink (nature.scot). Accessed on: 15 December 2022.

Soloway, A. G. and Dahl, P. H. (2014). Peak Sound Pressure and Sound Exposure Level from Underwater Explosions in Shallow Water. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136 (3): EL218–23.

Sotheran, I. and Crawford-Avis, O. (2014). Mapping habitats and biotopes from acoustic datasets to strengthen the information base of Marine Protected Areas in Scottish Waters. JNCC, Peterborough (UK). Report No. 503

Southall, Brandon, L., Ann, E., Bowles, William, T., Ellison, James, J., Finneran, Roger, L., Gentry, Charles, R., Greene Jr, David Kastak (2007). Marine Mammal Noise-Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33 (4): 411–521.

Southall, B.L., Finneran, J.J., Reichmuth, C., Nachtigall, P.E., Ketten, D.R., Bowles, A.E., Ellison, W.T., Nowacek, D.P. and Tyack, P.L. (2019). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: Updated scientific recommendations for residual hearing effects. Aquatic Mammals, 45(2), pp.125-232.

Sparling, C.E. (2012). Seagreen Firth of Forth Round 3 Zone Marine Mammal Surveys. Report number SMRUL-ROY- 2012-006 to Royal Haskoning and Seagreen Wind Energy Ltd.

SSER (2021). Berwick Bank Wind Farm Offshore Scoping Report.

SSER (2022). Berwick Bank Wind Farm Offshore Environmental Impact Assessment Report.

SSER, Marubeni and CIP (2021). ScotWind Leasing Application. Part B1 – Desktop Preliminary Feasibility Study E1 East Floating Offshore Wind Farm. Technical Report.

Statoil (2013). Environmental Survey Report Hywind Offshore Windfarm. Document Number: 101462-STO-MMT-SUR-REP-ENVIRON. Statoil Document Number: ST13828 Benthic Report.

Statoil (2015) Hywind Scotland Pilot Park: Environmental Statement. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/environmental_statement.pdf. Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Stienen, E., Waeyenberge, V., Kuijken, E. and Seys, J. (2007). Trapped within the corridor of the Southern North Sea: The potential impact of offshore wind farms on seabirds. In: deLucas, M., Janss, G. and Ferrer, M. (eds) Birds and Wind Farms. Quercus, Madrid.

Stoker, M. S. and Bent, A. (1985). Middle Pleistocene glacial and glaciomarine sedimentation in the west central North Sea. Boreas, 14(4), 325-332.

Stroud, D.A., Bainbridge, I.P., Maddock, A., Anthony, S., Baker, H., Buxton, N., Chambers, D., Enlander, I., Hearn, R.D., Jennings, K.R., Mavor, R., Whitehead, S. and Wilson, J.D. (2016). The status of UK SPAs in the 2000s: the Third Network Review. JNCC, Peterborough.

Taeubert, J. E. and Geist, J. (2017). The relationship between the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) and its hosts. Biology Bulletin, 44(1), 67-73.

TCE (2012). The Crown Estate Guidance: Submarine cables and offshore renewable energy installation – Proximity study. Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/1784/submarine-cables-and-offshore-renewable-energy-installations-proximity-study.pdf. Accessed on: 26 October 2022.

TCE (2014). Protocol for Archaeological Discoveries: Offshore Renewables Projects. Available at: https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/1782/ei-protocol-for-archaeological-discoveries-offshore-renewables-projects.pdf. Accessed on: 26 October 2022.

Teilmann, J., J. Tougaard, and J. Carstensen. (2006a). Summary on harbour porpoise monitoring 1999-2006 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms.

Teilmann, J., J. Tougaard, J. Cartensen, R. Dietz, and S. Tougaard. (2006b). Summary on seal monitoring 1999-2005 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms.

The Guardian (2022). Court orders UK government to explain how net zero policies will reach targets. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/18/court-orders-uk-government-to-explain-how-net-zero-policies-will-reach-targets. Accessed on: 31 January 2023.

The Planning Inspectorate (2019). Advice Note Seventeen: Cumulative Effects Assessment Relevant to Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects. Available at: https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/legislation-and-advice/advice-notes/advice-note-17/. Accessed on: 30 October 2022.

Thompson, D., Brownlow, A., Onoufriou, J. and Moss, S. (2015). Collision Risk and Impact Study: Field tests of turbine blade-seal carcass collisions. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, Report to Scottish Government, no. MR 5, St Andrews, 16pp.

Tomanová, K. and Vácha, M. (2016). The magnetic orientation of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica is cancelled by very weak radiofrequency fields. Journal of Experimental Biology, 219(11), 1717-1724.

Toso, G., Casari, P. and Zorzi, M. (2014). The Effect of Different Attenuation Models on the Performance of Routing in Shallow-Water Networks. In Underwater Communications and Networking (UComms), 2014, 1–5. IEEE.

Tougaard, J., Hermannsen, L., and Madsen, P. T. (2020). How loud is the underwater noise from operating offshore wind turbines? The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(5), 2885-2893.

Tyler-Walters, H., James, B., Carruthers, M. (eds), Wilding, C., Durkin, O., Lavey, C., Philpott, E., Adams, L., Chaniotis P., D., Wilkes, P., T., V., Seeley, R., Neilly, M., Dargie, J. and Crawford-Avis, O. T. (2016). Descriptions of Scottish Priority Marine Features (PMFs). Scottish Natural Heritage (now NatureScot) Commissioned Report No. 406.

Ugolini, A. and Pezzani, A. (1995). Magnetic compass and learning of the Y, axis (sea-land) direction in the marine isopod Idotea baltica basteri. Animal behaviour, 50(2), 295-300.

UK Government (2020). The Offshore Wind Sector Deal. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/790950/BEIS_Offshore_Wind_Single_Pages_web_optimised.pdf. Accessed on: 20 October 2022.

UK Government. (2021). UK Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Better. Available at:  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1033990/net-zero-strategy-beis.pdf. Accessed on: 20 December 2022.

UKHO (2021). Admiralty Sailing Directions North Sea (West) Pilot, 12th Edition NP54. Taunton: UKHO.

UK Parliament (2023). Parliamentary Bills: Energy Bill [HL]. Available from: https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3311. Accessed on: 16 February 2023.

UK SNCBs (2017). Joint SNCB Interim Displacement Advice Note: Advice on how to present assessment information on the extent and potential consequences of seabird displacement from Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) developments.

UNECE (2017). Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. Available at: https://unece.org/DAM/env/documents/2017/EIA/Publication/1733290_pdf_web.pdf. Accessed on: 11 November 2022.

UNFCCC (2016). The Paris Agreement 2015.

University of York (2022). Archaeology Data Service. Available at: https://www.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/. Accessed on: November 2022

Vallejo, G., Robbins, J., Hickey, J., Moullier, A., Slater, S. and Dinwoodie, I. (2022). Berwick Bank Wind Farm Offshore Environmental Impact Assessment. Appendix 11.4, AnnexH: Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters and Assumptions in the SeabORD model. Available at: Microsoft Word - EOR0766_Berwick Bank Technical Report Ornithology Displacement_Annex G (marine.gov.scot). Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Van Renterghem, T., Botteldooren, D. and Dekoninck, L. (2014a). Airborne sound propagation over sea during offshore wind farm piling. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135(2), 599-609.

Van Renterghem, T., Dekoninck, L. and Botteldooren, D. (2014b). Propagation distance-of-concern for offshore wind turbine airborne sound during piling and normal operation. In Forum Acusticum 2014.

von Pein, J., Lippert, T., Lippert, St. and Estorff, O. (2022). Scaling laws for unmitigated pile driving: Dependence of underwater noise on strike energy, pile diameter, ram weight, and water depth. Applied Acoustics. 198. 108986. 10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.108986.

Waggitt, J.J., Evans, P.G., Andrade, J., Banks, A.N., Boisseau, O., Bolton, M., Bradbury, G., Brereton, T., Camphuysen, C.J., Durinck, J. and Felce, T. (2020). Distribution maps of cetacean and seabird populations in the NorthEast Atlantic. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(2), 253-269.

Wahlberg, M. and Westerberg, H. (2005). Hearing in fish and their reactions to sounds from offshore wind farms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 288, 295-309.

Wakefield, E.D., Bodey, T.W., Bearhop, S., Blackburn, J., Colhoun, K., Davies, R., Dwyer, R.G., Green, J.A., Grémillet, D., Jackson, A.L., Jessopp, M.J., Kane, A., Langston, R.H.W., Lescroël, A., Murray, S., Le Nuz, M., Patrick, S.C., Péron, C., Soanes, L.M., Wanless, S., Votier, S.C. and Hamer, K.C. (2013). Space Partitioning Without Territoriality in Gannets. Science 341, 68. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1236077. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Wakefield, E.D., Owen, E., Baer, J., Carroll, M.J., Daunt, F., Dodd, S.G., Green, J.A., Guilford, T., Mavor, R.A., Miller, P.I., Newell, M.A., Newton, S.F., Robertson, G.S., Shoji, A., Soanes, L.M., Votier, S.C., Wanless, S. and Bolton, M. (2017). Breeding density, fine-scale tracking, and large-scale modeling reveal the regional distribution of four seabird species. Ecological Applications 27, 2074–2091. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1591. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

Walker, R, Weiss, L, Froján, C. and Basteri, D. (2009). Strategic Review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA Licence Conditions: Benthic Ecology. (Report No. ME1117). Report by Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS).

Wang, H., Pangerc, T., Robinson and Ainslie, M. (2014). Review of underwater acoustic propagation models. National Physical Laboratory AC 12.

Ware, S.J. and Kenny, A.J. (2011). Guidelines for the conduct of benthic studies at marine aggregate extraction sites. Cefas, Lowestoft (UK). Project Code: MEPF, 8, pp.75.

Wareham, J., Pepler, A., Stedman, J., Morris, R. and Hector, D. (2022). Annual mean NOX, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 Modelling for 2020. Ricardo Energy and Environment and The Scottish Government. Report Reference ED11194 – Issue Number 1. Available at: https://www.scottishairquality.scot/sites/default/files/orig/assets/documents/Scottish_mapping_report_2020.html. Accessed on: 18 October 2022

Wessex Archaeology (2009). UKCS Offshore Oil and Gas and Wind Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment: Archaeological Baseline. Department of Energy and Climate Change, London.

Wessex Archaeology (2007). COWRIE Historic Environment Guidance for the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector.

Wessex Archaeology for The Crown Estate (2021). Archaeological Written Schemes of Investigation for Offshore Wind Farm Projects.

Weston D.E. (1976). Propagation in water with uniform sound velocity but variable-depth lossy bottom, J. Sound Vib., 47, pp.473-483, 1976.

White Consultants (2020). Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment: Review and update of Seascape and Visual Buffer study for Offshore Wind farms. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/896084/White_Consultants_2020_Seascape_and_visual_buffer_study_for_offshore_wind_farms.pdf Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

White, S. Michaels, S and. King, H. (2019). Seascape and visual sensitivity to offshore wind farms in Wales: Strategic assessment and guidance. Stage 1 Ready reckoner of visual effects related to turbine size. NRW Evidence Series. Report No: 315, 94pp, NRW, Bangor. Available at: https://cdn.naturalresources.wales/media/689503/eng-evidence-report-315-seascape-and-visual-sensitivity-to-offshore-wind-farms-in-wales.pdf Accessed on: 8 November 2022.

Wilhelmsson, D., Malm, T., Thompson, R., Tchou, J., Sarantakos, G., McCormick, N., Luitjens, S., Gullström, M, Patterson Edwards, J. K., Amir, O. and Dubi, A. (2010). Greening Blue Energy: Identifying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportunities of offshore renewable energy. IUCN. Available online: https://www.actu-environnement.com/media/pdf/news-22257-etude-uicn.pdf. Accessed on: 19 December 2022.

Woodward, I., Thaxter, C.B., Owen, E. and Cook, A.S.C.P. (2019). Desk-based revision of seabird foraging ranges used for HRA screening. BTO research Report No. 724.

WWT (2014). Strategic Assessment of Collision Risk of Scottish Offshore Wind Farms to Migrating Birds. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, vol. 5. http://www.gov.scot/Resource/00461026.pdf. Accessed on: 25 January 2023.

XOCEAN Ltd (2021). 00338 SSE Berwick Bank Lot 1 and 2 Operations and Results Report. Unpublished report for SSER.

Xodus (2015). Hywind Scotland Pilot Park Project Marine Noise Desk Study. Document Number: A-100142-S00-TECH-003.