7. References
Ainley, D. G., Podolsky, R., Deforest, L., Spencer, G., & Nur, N. (2001). The status and population trends of the Newell’s shearwater on Kauai: Insights from modelling. Studies in Avian Biology, 22, 108–123.
APEM (2022). Review of Evidence to Support Auk Displacement and Mortality Rates in Relation to Offshore Wind Farms. APEM Scientific Report P00007416. Ørsted, January 2022, Final, 49 pp.
APHA, (2023). Confirmed cases of wild birds with highly pathogenic avian influenza (bird flu) in Great Britain. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/avianinfluenza-in-wild-birds. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Aquaterra Ltd and MarineSpace Ltd (2022). Information Note: Encounters of Marine Animals with Mooring Systems and Subsea Cables. ORJIP Ocean Energy Report to Welsh Government. P983. Available at: https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2022-06/information-note-encounters-of-marine-animals-with-mooring-systems-and-subsea-cables.pdf. Accessed on: 02 February 2024.
Baccetti, N., Sposimo, P., and Giannini, F. (2005). Artificial lights and mortality of Cory’s shearwater Calonectris 1iomedea on a Mediterranean Island. AVOCETTA-PARMA, 29(2), 89.
Benjamins, S., V. Harnois, H. Smith, L. Johanning, L. Greenhill, C. Carter, Wilson, and B. Wilson. (2014). Understanding the potential for marine megafauna entanglement risk from marine renewable energy developments. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report 791.
Berón, M.P. and Seco Pon, J.P. (2021). Fishing gear-related injuries and mortality of seabirds in coastal northern Argentina. Marine Ornithology, 49: 321-327.
Bradbury, G., Trinder M, Furness B, Banks AN, Caldow RWG and Hume, D (2014) Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms. PloS ONE 9(9): e106366. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106366.
Butler, A., Carroll, M., Searle, K., Bolton, M., Waggitt, J., Evans, P., Rehfisch, M., Goddard, B., et al. (2020). Attributing seabirds at sea to appropriate breeding colonies. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science 11(8). Marine Scotland Science.
Burnell, D., Perkins, A. J., Newton, S. F., Bolton, M., Tierney, T. D., Dunn, T. E. and Vaughan, R. (2023). Seabirds Count A Census of Breeding Seabirds in Britain and Ireland (2015–2021).
Camphuysen, C.J. (2002). Post-fledging dispersal of Common Guillemots Uria aalge guarding chicks in the North Sea: the effect of predator presence and prey availability at sea. Ardea, 90(1): 103-119.
Caneco, B., Humphries, G., Cook, A. and Masden E. (2022). Estimating bird collisions at Offshore windfarms with stochLAB. R package. Available at: https://hidef-aerial-surveying.github.io/stochLAB/. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Christie, A.P. (2021). Investigating post-breeding moult locations and diets of Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) in the North Sea using stable isotope analysis. bioRxiv: 2020-09.
Deakin, Z., Cook., A., Daunt., F., McCluskie, A., Morley, N., Witcutt, E., Wright. L. and Bolton, M. (2022). A review to inform the assessment of the risk of collision and displacement in petrels and shearwaters from offshore wind developments in Scotland. Report prepared for the Scottish Government.
Department for Energy Security & Net Zero (2023). Habitats Regulations Assessment for an Application Under the Planning Act 2008. Hornsea Project Four Offshore Windfarm. Available at: https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010098/EN010098-002331-DESNZ%20HRA%20-%20Hornsea%20Four_Final.pdf. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Desholm, M. (2005). Wind farm related mortality among avian migrants: a remote sensing study and model analysis. National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of the Environment. Denmark. Available at: https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20833734. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Dierschke, V., Furness R.W. and Garthe, S. (2016). Seabirds and offshore wind farms in European waters: Avoidance and attraction. Biological Conservation 202: 59-68.
Donovan, C. (2017) Stochastic Band CRM – GUI User manual. Marine Scotland. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/factsheet/2021/02/stochastic-collision-risk-model-for-seabirds-in-flight/documents/user-guide/user-guide/govscot%3Adocument/user%2Bguide.pdf. Accessed on: 11 December 2023.
Dunn, R. E., Duckworth, J., O’Brien, S., Furness, R. W., Buckingham, L., Daunt, F., Bogdanova, M., & Green, J. A. (2024). Temporal and spatial variability in availability bias has consequences for marine bird abundance estimates during the non-breeding season. bioRxiv 2024.03.13.584773. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.13.584773
Equinor (2022). Sheringham Shoal and Dudgeon Offshore Wind Farm Extension Projects Apportioning and HRA Updates Technical Note (Revision E) (Clean). Available at https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010109/EN010109-002168-13.3%20Apportioning%20and%20Habitats%20Regulations%20Assessment%20Updates%20Technical%20Note%20(Revision%20E)%20(Clean).pdf [Accessed June 2024].
Equinor (2023). Sheringham Shoal and Dudgeon Offshore Wind Farm Extension Projects Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment (RIAA). Available at https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010109/EN010109-000432-5.4%20Report%20to%20Inform%20Appropriate%20Assessment.pdf [Accessed June 2024].
Falchieri, M., Reid, S.M., Ross, C.S., James, J., Byrne, A.M., Zamfir, M., Brown, I.H., Banyard, A.C., Tyler, G., Philip, E. and Miles, W. (2022). Shift in HPAI infection dynamics causes significant losses in seabird populations across Great Britain. Veterinary Record, 191(7), pp.294-296.
Fischer, J. H., Debski, I., Taylor, G. A., and Wittmer, H. U. (2021). Consistent offshore artificial light at night near the last breeding colony of a critically endangered seabird. Conservation Science and Practice, 3(9), e481.
Five Estuaries Wind Farm Ltd (2023). Five Estuaries Offshore Wind Farm Preliminary Environmental Information Report: Draft Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment. Available at https://fiveestuaries.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/0144_VE_Draft_RIAA_Final.pdf [Accessed June 2024]
Fox, C.J., Benjamins, S., Masden, E.A. and Miller, R. (2018). Challenges and opportunities in monitoring the impacts of tidal-stream energy devices on marine vertebrates. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81, 1926–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.004
Furness, R.W. (2015). Non-breeding season populations of seabirds in UK waters: Population sizes for Biologically Defined Minimum Population Scales (BDMPS). Natural England Commissioned Reports, No.164.
Green Volt Offshore Wind Farm (2023). Green Volt Offshore Wind Farm Offshore Windfarm. Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/data/offshore-environmental-impact-assessment-report-report-inform-appropriate-assessment-green-volt. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Harris, M. P., Burton, E., Lewis, S., Tyndall, A., Nichol, C. J., Wade, T. and Wanless, S. 2023. Count of Northern Gannets on the Bass Rock in June 2023. Scottish Seabird Centre Report.
Horne, N. (2021). Developing a simulation-based approach to collision risk of tidal energy converters and marine wildlife. Student thesis: Doctoral Thesis
Horne, N., Schmitt, P., Culloch, R., Wilson, B., Houghton, J. D. R., Dale, A., & Kregting, L. (2023). Comparability of Outputs between Traditional and Simulation-Based Approaches to Collision Risk Modelling. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(12), Article 2359.
Hüppop, O., Dierschke, J., Exo, K.M., Friedrich, E. & Hill, R. (2006). Bird migration studies and potential collision risk with Offshore wind turbines. Ibis 148: 90-109. https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/bird-migration-studies-potential-collision-risk-Offshore-wind-turbines.
Hyrenbach, D., Elliott, L., Cabrera, C., Dauterman, K., Gelman, J. & Siddiqi, A. (2020). Seabird Entanglement in Marine Debris and Fishing Gear in the Main Hawaiian Islands (2012 – 2020). Journal of the Hawaii Audubon Society, 80(6): 41-46.
ICES (2011). Effects of offshore wind farms on seabirds. In: Report of the Working Group on Seabird Ecology (WGSE) 1-4 November 2011. Madeira, Portugal. P. 73. CM2011/SSGEF:07. ICES, Copenhagen.
Isaksson, N., Masden, E., Williamson, B., Costagliola-Ray, M., Slingsby, J., Houghton, J. and Wilson, J. (2020). Assessing the effects of tidal stream marine renewable energy on seabirds: A conceptual framework. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 157. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111314
Johnston, A., Cook, A.S.C.P., Wright, L.J., Humphreys, E.M. & Burton, N.H.K. (2014). Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more accurately assess collision risk with Offshore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51(1): 31-41.
JNCC, NRW, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Natural England and Scottish Natural Heritage. (2014). Joint Response from the Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies to the Marine Scotland Science Avoidance Rate Review. 25th November 2014.
JNCC (2021). Seabird Population Trends and Causes of Change: 1986–2019 Report. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/smp-report-1986-2019. Accessed on: 14 November 2023.
JNCC (2022). Special Protection Areas (SPAs): List of sites. Available at: https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/list-of-spas/. Accessed on 16th January 2024.
JNCC and NatureScot (2022) Conservation and Management Advice: Outer Firth of Forth and St Andrews Bay Complex SPA. Available at: https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10478. Accessed on: 22 April 2024.
JNCC et al. (2022). Joint SNCB Interim Displacement Advice Note. [Online]. JNCC, Natural Resources Wales, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs/Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Natural England and Scottish Natural Heritage. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/9aecb87c-80c5-4cfb-9102-39f0228dcc9a/joint-sncb-interim-displacement-advice-note-2022.pdf. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Longcore, T. and Rich, C. (2004). Ecological light pollution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment/Ecological Society of America, 2 (4), 191-198.
Long, C. (2017). Analysis of the possible displacement of bird and marine mammal species related to the installation and operation of marine energy conversion systems. Scottish Nat. Herit. Comm. Rep. No. 947.
MacArthur Green (2018) Dogger Bank South Offshore Wind Farms Preliminary Environmental Information Report: Appendix 12.8 Consequences for Birds of Obstruction Lighting on Offshore Wind Turbines. Available at https://rwe-dogger-bank.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PEIR/DBS+PEIR+TA12.8+Review+of+turbine+lighting+-+Furness+2018.pdf. Accessed March 2024.
Macarthur Green (2023). Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm. Year 2 Post-construction Ornithological Monitoring Report.
Marine Scotland (2017a). Scoping Opinion for the proposed Section 36 Consent and Associated Marine Licence Application for the Revised NnG Offshore Wind Farm and Revised NnG Offshore Transmission Works. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/Licensing/marine/scoping/NnGRev2017/SO-092017. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Marine Scotland (2017b). Marine Scotland – Licensing Operations Team Scoping Opinion. Addendum: Ornithology. Scoping Opinion for Inch Cape Offshore Windfarm – Revised Design Parameters – Ornithology. 10 August 2017.
Marine Scotland (2024) National Marine Plan Interactive (Version 1.6.8.125). Available at: https://marinescotland.atkinsgeospatial.com/nmpi/. Accessed on: 23 April 2024.
Masden, E.A., Haydon, D.T., Fox, A.D. and Furness, R.W. (2010). Barriers to species movement: Modelling energetic costs of avoiding marine wind farms amongst breeding seabirds. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60: 1085-1091.
Masden, E. A., Reeve, R., Desholm, M., Fox, A. D., Furness, R. W. and Haydon, D. T. (2012). Assessing the impact of marine wind farms on birds through movement modelling. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 9(74), 2120-2130.
MCA (2008) Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREIs): Guidance to Mariners Operating in the Vicinity of UK OREIs. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5fc6505fd3bf7f7f575b4365/MGN_372.pdf. Accessed: March 2024.
McGregor, R.M., King, S., Donovan, C.R., Caneco, B. and Webb, A. (2018). A Stochastic Collision Risk Model for Seabirds in Flight.
MD-LOT (2023). Scoping Opinion for Ossian Array. Marine Directorate – Licensing Operations Team. Edinburgh.
Moray West (2018). Moray West Offshore Habitats Regulations Appraisal. Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment. June 2018. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/riaa_report_with_appendices.pdf. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Natural England (ND). Designated Sites View. Available at https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/. Accessed on: 16th January 2024.
Natural England (2023). Consideration of avoidance behaviour of northern gannet (Morus bassanus) in collision risk modelling for offshore wind farm impact assessments. September 2023. Natural England Commissioned Report NERC512.
NatureScot (ND). NatureScot Site Link. Available at: https://sitelink.nature.scot/home. Accessed on: 16 January 2024.
NatureScot (2018). Interim Guidance on apportioning impacts from marine renewable developments to breeding seabird populations in SPAs.
NatureScot (2023a). Guidance Note 1: Guidance to support Offshore Wind Applications: Marine Ornithology – Overview. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-1-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-marine-ornithology-overview. Accessed on: 16 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023b). Guidance Note 2: Guidance to support Offshore Wind Applications: Advice for Marine Ornithology Baseline Characterisation Surveys and Reporting. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-2-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-advice-marine-ornithology-baseline. Accessed on: 16 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023c). Guidance Note 3: Guidance to support Offshore Wind applications: Marine Birds – Identifying theoretical connectivity with breeding site Special Protection Areas using breeding season foraging ranges. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-3-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-marine-birds-identifying-theoretical. Accessed on: 16 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023d). Guidance Note 4: Guidance to Support Offshore Wind Applications: Ornithology – Determining Connectivity of Marine Birds with Marine Special Protection Areas and Breeding Seabirds from Colony SPAs in the Non Breeding Season. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-4-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-ornithology-determining-connectivity. Accessed on: 16 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023e). Guidance Note 5: Guidance to support Offshore Wind Applications: Recommendations for marine bird population estimates. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-5-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-recommendations-marine-bird-population. Accessed on: 16 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023f). Guidance Note 6: Guidance to support Offshore Wind Applications – Marine Ornithology Impact Pathways for Offshore Wind Developments. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-6-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-marine-ornithology-impact-pathways. Accessed on: 17 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023g). Guidance Note 7: Guidance to support Offshore Wind Applications: Marine Ornithology – Advice for assessing collision risk of marine birds. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-7-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-marine-ornithology-advice-assessing. Accessed on: 17 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023h). Guidance Note 8: Guidance to support Offshore Wind applications: Marine Ornithology Advice for assessing the distributional responses, displacement and barrier effects of Marine birds. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-8-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-marine-ornithology-advice-assessing. Accessed on: 17 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023i). Guidance Note 9: Guidance to support Offshore Wind applications: Marine Ornithology Advice for Seasonal Definitions for Birds in the Scottish Marine Environment. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-9-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-seasonal-periods-birds-scottish-marine. Accessed on: 17 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023j). Guidance Note 10: Guidance to support Offshore Wind applications: Marine Ornithology Advice for apportioning impacts to breeding colonies. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-10-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-marine-ornithology-advice-apportioning. Accessed on: 17 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023k). Guidance Note 11: Guidance to support Offshore Wind Applications: Marine Ornithology – Recommendations for Seabird Population Viability Analysis (PVA). Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/guidance-note-11-guidance-support-offshore-wind-applications-marine-ornithology-recommendations. Accessed on: 17 March 2024.
NatureScot (2023l). NatureScot Scientific Advisory Committee Sub-Group on Avian Influenza Report on the H5N1 outbreak in wild birds 2020-2023. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-scientific-advisory-committee-sub-group-avian-influenza-report-h5n1-outbreak-wild-birds. Accessed on: 18 March 2024.North Falls Offshore Wind Farm Limited (2023). Habitats Regulations Assessment Draft Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment. Available at https://www.northfallsoffshore.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/004447089-03-North-Falls-RIAA.pdf. Accessed March 2024.
Offshore Wind Power Limited (2023). West of Orkney Windfarm Offshore EIA Report Volume 1, Chapter 13 – Offshore and Intertidal Ornithology. Available at https://www.westoforkney.com/application/files/1316/9573/0283/West_of_Orkney_Windfarm_Offshore_EIA_Report_-_Chapter_13_-_Offshore_and_intertidal_ornithology.pdf. Accessed on: 14 December 2023.
Ossian OWFL (2023). HRA Screening Report – Ossian Offshore Wind Farm. Available at: HRA Screening Report – Ossian Offshore Wind Farm | Marine Scotland Information. Accessed on: 17 March 2024.
Outer Dowsing Offshore Wind (2023). Outer Dowsing Offshore Wind Habitat Regulations Assessment –Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment. Available at https://www.outerdowsing.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/7.1_Draft-RIAA-Redacted.pdf [Accessed June 2024]
Ozsanlav-Harris, L., Inger, R. and Sherley, R. 2023. Review of data used to calculate avoidance rates for collision risk modelling of seabirds. JNCC Report 732, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091.
Parker, J., Fawcett, A., Banks, A., Rowson, T., Allen, S., Rowell, H., Harwood, A., Ludgate, C., Humphrey, O., Axelsson, M., Baker, A. & Copley, V. (2022). Offshore Wind Marine Environmental Assessments: Best Practice Advice for Evidence and Data Standards. Phase III: Expectations for data analysis and presentation at examination for offshore wind applications. Natural England. Version 1.2. 140 pp.
Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Müller, S., Markones, N., Mercker, M., and Garthe, S. (2020). Effects of offshore wind farms on seabird abundance: Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season. Marine Environmental Research, 162: p. 105157.
RSIS (ND). Ramsar Sites Information Service. Available at: https://rsis.ramsar.org/. Accessed 16th January 2024.
Ruffino, L., Arjona Y., Clear, N. and Martin, E. 2023. Towards better understanding black-legged kittiwake and fish prey interactions. An assessment of scientific evidence to inform future research needs in the North Sea. Report to Ørsted. JNCC Report 733, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963—8091.
Scottish Government (2024). Environmental Impact Assessment Decision Notice - Green Volt Offshore Windfarm - East of Aberdeenshire Coast. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/240419_-_green_volt_-_eia_application_-_annex_c_-_section_36_decision_notice_0.pdf. Accessed on: 29 May 2024.
Searle, K., Mobbs, D., Butler, A., Bogdanova, M., Freeman, S., Wanless, S. and Daunt, F., (2014). Population consequences of displacement from proposed offshore wind energy developments for seabirds breeding at Scottish SPAs (CR/2012/03). Final Report to Marine Scotland. Marine Scotland, Edinburgh.
Searle, K.R., Mobbs, D.C., Butler, A., Furness, R.W., Trinder, M.N. and Daunt, F. (2018). Finding out the Fate of Displaced Birds. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 9(8): 149.
Searle, K.R., Mobbs, D.C., Daunt, F. and Butler, A. (2019). A Population Viability Analysis Modelling Tool for Seabird Species. Natural England Commission Report No. 27.
SNCB (2022). Joint SNCB Interim Displacement Advice Note. Available at: https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/9aecb87c-80c5-4cfb-9102-39f0228dcc9a/joint-sncb-interim-displacement-advice-note-2022.pdf. Accessed on: 11 March 2024.
Smith, D. G., Polhemus, J. T., and VanderWerf, E. A. (2002). Comparison of managed and unmanaged wedge-tailed shearwater colonies on O’ahu: Effects of predation. Pacific Science, 56(4), 451–457.
Speakman, J., Gray, H., and Furness, L (2009). University of Aberdeen report on effects of offshore wind farms on the energy demands on seabirds . Department of Energy & Climate Change. URN 09D/800.
SSE Renewables (2022). HABITAT REGULATIONS APPRAISAL, Report to Inform Appropriate Assessment Part Three. Available at: https://berwickbank-eia.com/supporting-documents/riaa-3/ Accessed on: 08 December 2023.
Trapp, J. L. (1998). Bird kills at towers and other man-made structures: an annotated partial bibliography (1960-1998). USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., USA.
Tremlett, C.J, Morely, N. and Wilson, L.J. (2024). UK seabird colony counts in 2023 following the 2021-22 outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. RSPB Research Report 76.
Trinder, M., O’Brien, S. and Danial, J. (2024) A new method for quantifying redistribution of seabirds within operational offshore wind farms finds no evidence of within-wind farm displacement. Frontiers in Marine Science Volume 11 – 2024.
Tyndall A.A., Nichol C.J., Wade T., Pirrie S., Harris M.P., Wanless S., Burton E. (2024). Quantifying the Impact of Avian Influenza on the Northern Gannet Colony of Bass Rock Using Ultra-High-Resolution Drone Imagery and Deep Learning. Drones. 8(2):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8020040
Van Kooten, T., Soudijn, F., Tuilp I., Chen, C., Benden, D., and Leopold, M. (2019). The consequences of seabird habitat loss from offshore wind turbines, version 2: Displacement and population level effects in 5 selected species. Wageningen University & Research Report C063/19.
Wade, H. M., Masden, E. A., Jackson, A. C. and Furness, R. W. (2016). Incorporating data uncertainty when estimating potential vulnerability of Scottish seabirds to marine renewable energy developments. Marine Policy, 70: 108-113.
Wakefield, E. D., Owen, E., Baer, J., Carroll, M. J., Daunt, F., Dodd, S. G., Green, J. A., Guilford, T., Mavor, R. A., Miller, P. I., Newell, M. A., Newton, S. F., Robertson, G. S., Shoji, A., Soanes, L. M., Votier, S. C., Wanless, S. and Bolton, M. (2017) Breeding density, fine-scale tracking, and large-scale modelling reveal the regional distribution of four seabird species. Ecological Applications, 27, 2074–2091.
Walsh, P.M., Halley, D.J., Harris, M.P., del Nevo, A., Sim, I.M.W. and Tasker, M.L. (1995) Seabird monitoring handbook. JNCC / RSPB / ITE / Seabird Group, Peterborough.
For Britain and Ireland1995) Welcker, J., Liesenjohann, M., Blew, J., Nehls, G. and Grünkorn, T. (2017). Nocturnal migrants do not incur higher collision risk at wind turbines than diurnally active species. Ibis 159/2, S: 366– 373.
Woodward, I., Thaxter, C.B., Owen, E. and Cook, A.S.C.P. (2019). Desk-based revision of seabird foraging ranges used for HRA screening. BTO Report No. 724.
Wright, L. J., Ross-Smith, V. H., Austin, G. E., Massimino, D., Dadam, D., Cook, A. S. C. P. and Burton, N. H. K. (2012). Assessing the risk of Offshore wind farm development to migratory birds designated as features of UK Special Protection Areas (and other Annex 1 species). BTO Research Report No. 592.
Xodus Group Ltd (2022) Pentland Floating Offshore Wind Farm Habitats Regulations Appraisal: Offshore Report To Inform Appropriate Assessment. Available at : https://pentlandfloatingwind.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/habitat_regulation_assessment_report_redacted.pdf. Accessed on: 08 December 2023.
Young, L and VanderWerf, E (2023). Conservation of Marine Birds. London: Academic Press.
Appendix 3A: Apportioning for RIAA
- Please find appendix 3A attached to this document separately.
Appendix 3B: PVA for RIAA
- Please find appendix 3B attached to this document separately.
[1] In line with the Ossian Array Scoping Opinion requests from NatureScot and the Scottish Ministers (see Table 2.1 Open ▸ ), all assessments within this RIAA have been carried out presenting both a “with Berwick Bank Offshore Wind Farm” and “without Berwick Bank Offshore Wind Farm” scenario.
[2] The seasons that a species is present and impacts are being considered is given in brackets.
[3] Leach’s petrel, gannet, Arctic skua, great skua, black-headed gull, lesser black-backed gull, herring gull, great black-backed gull, kittiwake, Sandwich tern, roseate tern, common tern, Arctic tern and guillemot.